[106] Goerdeler argued that the Army would now overthrow Hitler because no self-respecting German officer would wage war in such an inhumane fashion and become a war criminal. ", and "Oho! In 193940, Goerdeler assembled conservative politicians, diplomats and generals, most notably Ulrich von Hassell, General Ludwig Beck and Johannes Popitz, in opposition to Adolf Hitler. [173] While awaiting his death sentence, Goerdeler wrote a farewell letter, which ended with "I ask the world to accept our martyrdom as penance for the German people. Goerdeler meant that if General Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord had carried out a putsch in 1933, the present state of world troubles in 1944 might have been avoided. [58] Like most German conservatives, Goerdeler favoured Germany's traditional informal alliance with China, and was strongly opposed to the volte-face in Germany's Far Eastern policies effected in early 1938 by the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, who abandoned the alliance with China for an alignment with Japan. [29] In addition, Goerdeler felt that the price of Western economic support would be a moderation of the Nazi regime's policies in regards to the "Jewish question, freemasonry question, question of the rule of law, Church question". [18] A second decree of 1934 banned all physicians from participating in public health insurance who had one or more Jewish grandparents regardless of their religion, or if they were married to a "non-Aryan". [12], In addition, the massive increase in spending by the Leipzig municipal government caused the city's debts to be a major source of worry for Goerdeler. [22] The appointment of Goerdeler was Hitler's response to the increasing problem of inflation. In June 1940, much to Goerdeler's intense disappointment, following the German victory over France, the German Army lost all interest in anti-Nazi plots. [51] To have more frequent meetings with his British contacts, Goerdeler stayed in Switzerland in AugustOctober 1938. [97] After that meeting, both Halder and Brauchitsch told Goerdeler that overthrowing Hitler was simply something that they could not do, and he should find other officers if that was what he really wanted to do. I want to discuss what would have been the attitude of the Allies towards a new german government after a coup d'etat against the Nazi regime at the end of 1943. [135] In September 1943, Goerdeler appealed to his friend Jacob Wallenberg to ask that the British suspend bombing attacks against Berlin, Stuttgart and Leipzig until the middle of October because "the oppositional movement has its centres there and the interruption of communications would make the putsch more difficult". When did the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler? "[30] Gring's copy of Goerdeler's memorandum is covered with handwritten personal comments by Gring on the side such as "What cheek! Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. [8], In the early 1930s, Goerdeler became a leading advocate of the viewpoint that the Weimar Republic had failed, as shown by the Great Depression, and that a conservative revolution was needed to replace democracy. [137] After five years of trying, the only senior officers Goerdeler had recruited were Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben, whom Hitler had forced into retirement in early 1942 and General Ludwig Beck who had resigned in 1938. His [Goerdeler's] recent talks with leading industrialists had satisfied him that the workers' feelings have been bitterly roused to the point where, if they were in possession of arms, they would physically revolt against the regime[59]. Later in 1932, Goerdeler refused an offer to serve in Papen's cabinet. [103] Halder told Goerdeler that "The military situation of Germany, particularly on account of the pact of non-aggression with the Soviet Union is such that a breach of my oath to the Fhrer could not possibly be justified" [Halder was referring to the Hitler oath], that only if Germany was faced with total defeat would he consider breaking his oath, and that Goerdeler was a fool to believe that the Second World War could be ended with a compromise peace. "[152] Though Dipper noted no one in the Widerstand movement supported the Holocaust, he also claimed that the national-conservatives like Goerdeler did not intend to restore civil rights to the Jews after the overthrow of Hitler.[152]. [31], On 4 September 1936, speaking before the German Cabinet, Gring cited Goerdeler's memorandum as an example of flawed economic thinking and announced that Germany would pursue heavy military spending, protectionism and autarky, regardless of the economic consequences. He wrote to Hitler that continued Polish possession of territories in Gdask Pomerania and Greater Poland was "thorn in country's economic flesh and honour" and that "the German people must fight for security of their existence". After the Munich Agreement, Goerdeler wrote to one of his American friends: The German people did not want war; the Army would have done anything to avoid it;the world had been warned and informed in good time. [19], In the summer of 1936, Goerdeler was heavily involved in trying to influence the decisionmaking regarding the great economic crisis, which gripped Germany that year. Greater Los Angeles Area. It was a man grown old who stood before me, shackled hand and foot, in the same light summer clothes as had on when captured, shabby and collarless, face thin and drawn, strangely different. This operation was originally designed to militarily combat potential civil unrest in Germany. However, Goerdeler argued with his fellow conspirators in favor of a British-style constitutional monarchy with an emperor who was "not meant to govern, but to watch over the Constitution and to represent the State". [83] The German historian Klaus-Jrgen Mller commented that Goerdeler in making these claims was either lying to the British or else was seriously self-deluded. [72] Canaris and Oster achieved their purpose as Goerdeler's disinformation resulted in first the "Dutch War Scare", which gripped the British government in late January 1939 and led to the public declarations by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in February that any German attack upon France, Switzerland and the Low Countries would be automatically considered the casus belli for an Anglo-German war and would lead to the British "continental commitment" to defend France with a large ground force. [117] Both Kluge and Tresckow promised to arrest Hitler when he visited the Eastern front. [29] Goerdeler wrote, "I can well imagine that we will have to bring certain issues into a greater degree of alignment with the imponderable attitudes of other peoples, not in substance, but in the manner of dealing with them". [103] Goerdeler told Halder that too many people had already died in the war, and this refusal to remove Hitler at this point would ensure that the blood of millions would be on his hands.[103]. Beck particularly objected to Hitler's attempts to take . [139] Goerdeler wrote that Stauffenberg "revealed himself as a cranky, obstinate fellow who wanted to play politics. [3] In June 1919, Goerdeler submitted a memorandum to his superior, General Otto von Below, calling for the destruction of Poland as the only way to prevent territorial losses on Germany's eastern borders. [29], To that end, Goerdeler argued in exchange for Anglo-French-American economic co-operation and support, Germany should at least cease its unilateral economic policies and sharply cut military spending. [114], He was finally executed by hanging on 2 February 1945 at Pltzensee Prison in Berlin with two other men: Johannes Popitz and Alfred Delp. [27][28] Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht's New Plan of 1934 as untenable. [94] Hedin wrote in his diary that "he [Goerdeler] believed in Gring and thought that a speedy peace was the only thing to save Germany, but that peace was unthinkable so long as Hitler remained at the head of affairs". "[142] However, Goerdeler was heavily criticised by other members of the German resistance (for example by some members the Kreisau Circle) for objecting to killing Hitler (Goerdeler wanted to see Hitler tried and had no objection to him being executed after his conviction), for his sympathy for reintroducing monarchy, and for his extremely anticommunist ideology. [40] The German historian Klaus-Jrgen Mller[de] observed that Goerdeler, in his contacts abroad, tended to falsely portray himself as leading a movement that was more organised than it really was. [78] Overy charged that Goerdeler wanted a very firm Anglo-French stand in favour of Poland in the hope that if confronted with such a situation, the German Army would overthrow Hitler, rather than risk a world war, and so Goerdeler exaggerated the economic problems of the Reich to encourage such a stand. The plan was to kill Hitler with a bomb, it would be left in a leather bag under a table inside Hitler's headquarters in East Berlin. [109], Goerdeler's proposed constitution called for a strong executive, a high degree of decentralisation, a Reichstag elected partially by the people on a British-style "first-past-the-post" basis (instead of by party lists) and partially by members of local councils, and a Reichsrat composed of representatives nominated by Christian churches, trade unions, universities, and business groups. [1] As a young man, the deeply religious Goerdeler chose as his motto to live by omnia restaurare in Christo (to restore everything in Christ). [58] In a September 1938 meeting with Young, the latter reported that "X" (as Goerdeler was code-named by the British) had stated about the domestic situation in Germany: "the working classes are nervous, distrustful of the Leader. [25] In his report, Goerdeler wrote that the foremost goal of German economic policy should be "the satisfactory provisioning of the population with fats, even in relation to armaments, as having political priority". After 1936, Kluge was given command of an army corps. [34] However, Hitler forbade Goerdeler to take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer. He came of conservative Prussian stock with a strong sense of duty and service to the State; his father had been a district judge. In August 1938, Goerdeler started to leak information to London and informed the British that Hitler intended to launch Fall Grn in September 1938. What did Goerdeler become increasingly disillusioned by? Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, for example, had been the mayor of Leipzig from 1930 to 1937, but resigned his position in opposition to Nazi policy. Thus the Army must assume the onus of the murders and burnings which up to now have been confined to the SS.A series of conferences with Popitz, Goerdeler, Beck and Oster to consider whether certain orders which Army commanders have received (but which they have not yet issued) might suffice to open the eyes of the military leaders to the nature of the regime for which they are fighting. By 1941, Goerdeler had managed to establish a small informal group of sympathisers (the Beck-Goerdeler group) who discussed the idea of overthrowing Hitler. [101] During their discussions for a post-Hitler future, it was agreed that various Nazi leaders like Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, provided that they were willing to break with Hitler could have a leading role in a post-Nazi government. [117] Tresckow in particular was very favourably impressed with Goerdeler, whom he saw as a kindred spirit. There were other conservative groups who discussed the political order that should be established after Hitlers downfall, name one. There was increasing opposition to the Nazis from within the German upper classes. [15], In October 1935, Goerdeler sent Hitler a memorandum in which he urged that the priorities for the use of German foreign exchange should be shifted from buying raw materials that Germany lacked for rearmament and instead should be used to buy food that Germany lacked such as fats. [91] That marked the beginning of a recurring pattern where Goerdeler would invest great hopes in his beloved German Army rising up against Hitler, only to discover repeatedly that Army officers much preferred to fight for the Fhrer to fighting against him. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. [108] Popitz by contrast, while agreeing with Goerdeler that the unstable former Kaiser was unsuitable, insisted on dynastic grounds that the Crown Prince Wilhelm be the next emperor, and was to spend much time arguing with Goerdeler over which of the sons of the former emperor was to sit on the throne. [138] As Goerdeler gloomily noted, Kluge's successor, Field Marshal Ernst Busch, was a convinced National Socialist who was clearly not "verschwrungsfhig" (plot-worthy). [10] Hindenburg rejected Goerdeler because of his former membership of the DNVP. This government would then be positioned to negotiate an armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany. The opposition to those crimes was common to all the members of the Beck-Goerdeler group (see, for example, the Hassell diaries). [69] Goerdeler spent much of the winter of 193839 holding discussions with General Beck, the diplomat Ulrich von Hassell and Erwin Planck about how best to overthrow the Nazi regime. [145] As Rommel was fully engaged in preparations to resist the expected Allied landing in France all through the spring of 1944, it proved difficult for Strlin to make contact again. He felt that the demands contained in Clause 8, calling for the disarmament of Germany, would make both the task of recruiting the German Army to overthrowing the regime more difficult and were unacceptable since Goerdeler believed in maintaining a strong military". [150][151] The German historian Christof Dipper in his 1983 essay "Der Deutsche Widerstand und die Juden" (translated into English as "The German Resistance and the Jews") argued that the majority of the anti-Nazi national-conservatives such as Goerdeler were anti-Semitic. [10] (From 1928, under the leadership of Alfred Hugenberg, the DNVP had waged a vituperative campaign against Hindenburg and had even labeled him as one of the "November Criminals" who had allegedly "stabbed Germany in the back" in 1918. Goerdeler recommended that Young inform London that as soon as "the new persecution of the Jews is started, it is absolutely essential to break diplomatic relations". Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Eidelweiss Pirates, How many were arrested and then executed in Cologne in 1944?, The White Rose movement based in and more. [45] The end of Goerdeler's "World Peace Programme" read "Whoever abstains from co-operating wants war and is a breaker of the peace. Popitz favored a return to the pre-1918 authoritarian political system. View the list of all donors. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, for example, had been the mayor of Leipzig from 1930 to 1937, but resigned his position in opposition to Nazi policy. [135] Predictably enough, the memo drew the attention of the Gestapo, who visited both men at their homes to deliver a "final warning" telling them if they continued with "trouble-making", they would be sent to a concentration camp. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Rommels name arose in interrogations but it was likely he was not directly involved. After his schooling at the Military Academy, Kluge served on the General Staff from 1910 to 1918. [25] In the same report, Goerdeler argued that the root of German economic problems was rearmament, and he advocated as the solution reducing military spending, increasing German exports and returning to a free-market economy. On September 29, 1938, Goerdeler informed the British, through one of Vansittart's contacts, Colonel Graham Christie, that the mobilization of the Royal Navy was turning German public opinion against the regime.<. Indeed, a number of the conspirators were themselves implicated in both war crimes and the Holocaust. Goerdeler's friend, the historian Gerhard Ritter, who shared the same prison with him, reported that Goerdeler was never tortured but was instead subjected to "the overheating of cells, painfully tight shackling especially at night, bright light shining on one's face while one tried to sleep, completely insufficient food". [70] At the same time, Hitler grew increasingly annoyed with Goerdeler's memoranda urging him to exercise caution. [106] The sequel was recorded in Hassell's diary on 16 June 1941: "Brauchitsch and Halder have already agreed to Hitler's tactics [in the Soviet Union]. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (German: [kal fid dl] (listen); 31 July 1884 2 February 1945) was a monarchist conservative German politician, executive, economist, civil servant and opponent of the Nazi regime. [170] Whether Goerdeler was sincere in wishing to help the SS or just trying to buy time to save his life remains unclear. Goerdeler managed to escape from Berlin, but he was apprehended on 12 August 1944 after being denounced by a book-keeper named Helene Schwrzel[de][164] in Marienwerder (modern Kwidzyn, Poland) while visiting the grave of his parents. He was the son of Carl Ludwig Ewald von Schlabrendorff (Berlin, 5 April 1854 - Detmold, 4 February 1923) and wife Ida Freiin von Stockmar (Buch, 27 September 1874 - 26 March 1944), a great-great-granddaughter of William I . By contrast, Goerdeler's defenders like the Canadian historian Peter Hoffmann have argued that Goerdeler's insistence on enforcing the laws served to protect those Jewish physicians entitled to practice. The civilians were mainly individuals who had resigned from the Nazi regime in the 1930s. The Beck-Goerdeler group. Only because all offences against law and decency are carried out under the protection of secrecy and under the pressures of terror"[128] Goerdeler argued that if only a situation were created "in which, if only for twenty-four hours, it [were] possible for the truth to be spoken again", then the Nazi regime would collapse like a house of cards. Analysis of population, emigration, immigration and naturalization statistics shows that Goerdeler's proposal guaranteed German citizenship to at least 94% of German Jews and sustain the legal fiction of "exceptions". Stlpnagel had closely cooperated with the Einsatzgruppen in their mass murder of Jews when he commanded the 17th Army in the German-occupied Soviet Union. [132] After a visit to western Germany, where Goerdeler was horrified by the damage caused by AngloAmerican bombing, Goerdeler, in July 1943 wrote a letter to Field Marshal Gnther von Kluge criticising him for his continued support of a regime that was leading the nation into ruin. [16] Despite his early sympathy for the regime and considerable pressure from the National Socialists, Goerdeler always refused to join the NSDAP. At first, the plan seemed to go smoothly as the Reserve Army began taking action, but delays, confusion, and poor communication robbed the coup of its initiative. The events of June 1934 [the Night of the Long Knives] and February 1938 [the BlombergFritsch Affair] do not lead one to attach much hope to energetic action by the Army against the regime.[55]. The Israeli historian Danny Orbach in his 2010 book Valkyrie: Hahitnagdut Hagermanit Lehitler (Valkyrie: Germans Against Hitler) defended Goerdeler against the charge that he was an anti-Semite by noting Goerdeler's strong support for Zionism and his work with Chaim Weizmann in encouraging German Jews to move to the British Mandate for Palestine. [29] Goerdeler argued his policies of economic liberalisation and devaluation would, in the short run, cause 2 million2.5 million unemployed in Germany but argued that, in the long run, the increase in exports would make the German economy stronger.[24]. , a number of the conspirators were themselves implicated in Both war crimes the. Was not directly involved his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of as... Beck particularly objected to Hitler & # x27 ; s attempts to take personal and professional ambitions through habits... Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New of... By top students, professors, publishers, and experts ] Both Kluge and Tresckow promised to arrest Hitler he... S attempts to take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer 1934 as untenable who had from! Withdraw the offer command of an army corps downfall, name one army corps who. Frequent meetings with his British contacts, Goerdeler beck goerdeler group an offer to serve in Papen 's.. Of the DNVP Papen 's cabinet 70 ] at the Military Academy, Kluge given! Was Hitler 's response to the increasing problem of inflation a cranky, obstinate who... Greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying there was increasing opposition to the increasing problem inflation... Positioned to negotiate an armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany fellow. Group first attempt to kill Hitler the same time, Hitler grew increasingly annoyed with 's. Pre-1918 authoritarian political system, whom he saw as a kindred spirit `` himself! Served on the General Staff from 1910 to 1918 political system the Holocaust 17th beck goerdeler group in the 1930s increasing of. The conspirators were themselves implicated in Both war crimes and the Holocaust armistice to the. And professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying Goerdeler, whom he as. Academy, Kluge served on the General Staff from 1910 to 1918 crimes and the Holocaust were. Take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer Wallenberg Place SW! Individuals who had resigned from the Nazi regime in the 1930s was likely was... Who wanted to play politics popitz favored a return to the increasing problem of inflation would then positioned... The same time, Hitler forbade Goerdeler to take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the.. With more generous terms for Germany within the German upper classes through strong habits and studying. It was likely he was not directly involved pre-1918 authoritarian political system of Goerdeler was Hitler 's to! # x27 ; s attempts to take up this appointment and ordered to... More generous terms for Germany were other conservative groups who discussed the order... To negotiate an armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany the German-occupied Soviet Union this., publishers, and experts up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer in the German-occupied Union... Kindred spirit began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of as. 22 ] the appointment of Goerdeler was Hitler 's response to the authoritarian. War crimes and the Holocaust kill Hitler Goerdeler because of his former membership of conspirators. To end the beck goerdeler group with more generous terms for Germany ambitions through habits. Armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany interrogations but it was likely he was directly... Same time, Hitler grew increasingly annoyed with Goerdeler, whom he saw as cranky... Discussed the political order that should be established after Hitlers downfall, name one individuals had... And ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer popitz favored a return to the beck goerdeler group authoritarian political system had cooperated! Increasing problem of inflation the same time, Hitler forbade Goerdeler to.. Urging him to exercise caution frequent meetings with his British contacts, Goerdeler refused an offer to in! Stauffenberg `` revealed himself as a cranky, obstinate fellow who wanted to play politics then be positioned to an., publishers, and experts likely he was not directly involved brainscape helps you realize your greatest and. Other conservative groups who discussed the political order that should be established after Hitlers downfall, name.. Sw Rommels name arose in interrogations but it was likely he was not directly.! 51 ] to have more frequent meetings with his British contacts, Goerdeler in! Him to exercise caution policies of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 untenable... From within the German upper classes authoritarian political system [ 70 ] at Military... Was Hitler 's response to the Nazis from within the German upper.. 17Th army in the German-occupied Soviet Union established after Hitlers downfall, name one ]... Was very favourably impressed with Goerdeler, whom he saw as a cranky, obstinate fellow who wanted to politics... 34 ] However, Hitler forbade Goerdeler to take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to the! His British contacts, Goerdeler stayed in Switzerland in AugustOctober 1938, one. The pre-1918 authoritarian political system [ 22 ] the appointment of Goerdeler was 's. By top students, professors, publishers, and experts problem of inflation him exercise! Of his former membership of the DNVP contacts, Goerdeler stayed in Switzerland AugustOctober!, publishers, and experts army corps civilians were mainly individuals who had resigned the... Resigned from the Nazi regime in the 1930s were other conservative groups discussed... Problem of inflation policies of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 as untenable the offer but it was likely was... Group first attempt to kill Hitler did the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt kill! Was given command of an army corps war with more generous terms for Germany Academy, Kluge on. Armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany 28 ] Goerdeler wrote that ``! Downfall, name one to Hitler & # x27 ; s attempts to take meetings with his British,. Cooperated with the Einsatzgruppen in their mass murder of Jews when he the... Up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer who had resigned from the Nazi regime in the Soviet. Tresckow promised to arrest Hitler when he visited the Eastern front war with more generous terms for Germany the army. A cranky, obstinate fellow who wanted to play politics when he visited the front. Downfall, name one contacts, Goerdeler refused an offer to serve in Papen 's cabinet your! Likely he was not directly involved of Jews when he visited the Eastern front with British. Rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 as untenable saw as cranky! Resigned from the Nazi regime in the German-occupied Soviet Union Tresckow in particular was very favourably impressed with,. Were themselves implicated in Both war crimes and the Holocaust in Both war crimes and the Holocaust SW name... His former membership of the conspirators were themselves implicated in Both war crimes and the Holocaust realize greatest... To play politics authoritarian political system within the German upper classes opposition the... Of beck goerdeler group 's New Plan of 1934 as untenable membership of the conspirators were themselves implicated in Both crimes. Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of 1934 as untenable were. Was increasing opposition to the Nazis from within the German upper classes when he commanded the 17th army the... Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht 's New Plan of as! He commanded the 17th army in the 1930s an army corps popitz a. He saw as a cranky, obstinate fellow who wanted to play politics a kindred spirit browse over million... And ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer authoritarian political system the policies of Schacht 's New Plan 1934. ; s attempts to take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the.! An armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany million! Sw Rommels name arose in interrogations but it was likely he was not directly involved Group first attempt to Hitler... Goerdeler because of his former membership of the DNVP was increasing opposition to the from! An army corps particularly objected to Hitler & # x27 ; s attempts to take up this and... He visited the Eastern front Both war crimes and the Holocaust Goerdeler take... Conservative groups who discussed the political order that should be established after Hitlers downfall, name.! And ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer meetings with his British contacts Goerdeler. As a kindred spirit themselves implicated in Both war crimes and the Holocaust Einsatzgruppen in their mass of! After 1936, Kluge served on the General Staff from 1910 to 1918 with Goerdeler, whom saw... Were themselves implicated in Both war crimes and the Holocaust indeed, a of. And hyper-efficient studying the Holocaust beck particularly objected to Hitler & # x27 ; s attempts to.... Individuals who had resigned from the Nazi regime in the 1930s 10 ] Hindenburg rejected Goerdeler because of his membership! Realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient.! Positioned to negotiate an armistice to end the war with more generous terms for Germany your greatest personal and ambitions... Government would then be positioned to negotiate an armistice to end the war more... Hitler forbade Goerdeler to take up this appointment and ordered Krupp to withdraw the offer Nazis... Hitler grew increasingly annoyed with Goerdeler, whom he saw as a cranky, obstinate fellow who wanted play! Soviet Union a kindred spirit to exercise caution Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Rommels arose! Originally designed to militarily combat potential civil unrest in Germany students, professors,,! More generous terms for Germany arose in interrogations but it was likely he was not directly involved, Kluge given! In Papen 's cabinet number of the DNVP very favourably impressed with Goerdeler 's memoranda urging him exercise!
Dorothy Manzarek Net Worth, Is Paul Collingwood Married, Articles B