turkish persian culture

Although much of it spoke various forms of Turkish, as well as other local languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian. Farsi, the official language of Iran, is historically one of the most prominent languages of the Middle East and extended regions. The Turkish community is often exceptionally generous, attending to those in need very quickly. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas. They patronized Persian culture in the manner of their predecessors. The men's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001; while Efes Pilsen S.K. It is often called the "Seljuk Baroque portal." Ottoman Turkish is quite distinct from modern Turkish because it incorporated many more Persian and Arabic vocabularies. Shahnameh is the worlds longest epic poem written by a single poet. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. Despite the decline of the ak/ozan tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as Ak Veysel atrolu (18941973), Ak Mahzuni erif (19382002), Neet Erta (19382012), and many others. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyt- Cedde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i t (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Mill Edebiyyt (National Literature) movement. During the reign of Ahmed III (17031730) and under the impetus of his grand vizier brahim Paa, a period of peace ensued. Farshchian has played a decisive role in introducing Iranian art to the international art scene. The composite Turko-Persian, Turco-Persian[2] or Turco-Iranian tradition (Persian: -) was a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). Masnavi by Rumi is widely recognized as the greatest Sufi poem ever written, and has been called the Quran in Persian. Omar Khayyam was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. 3. Thus, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries the territories from south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor to East Bengal were dominated by Turco-Persian dynasties. [26] The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottoman, their Sunni rivals to the west.[5]. It consists of the mythical and some historical past of 50 Persian Kings from the creation of the world until the Arab invasion of Iran in the 7th century. Aside from Iran, Farsi is spoken in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the Pamirs Mountains. [9], In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. There has been a good deal of intermarriage, especially among Sunni Muslims with different ethnic backgrounds. Divan-e Shams is another famous work of Rumi and is recognized by many as a masterpiece of wisdom and eloquence. [34][35] The Turco-Persian Islamic tradition provided the elements they have used to express their shared concerns. . From here it emerged again in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the Turks during the Ottoman era. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. [2], The ruling institution was dominated by Turks from various tribes, some highly urbanized and Persianized, some rural and still very Turkic. 429-444. In this religion, there is one Lord Wisdom, known as Ahura Mazda. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel Yaban (The Wilds) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanolu. [27] They cultivated art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, Tabriz, Shiraz, and other cities of Islamic world. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. Cultural affairs were marked by characteristic pattern of language use: New Persian was the language of state affairs and literature; New Persian and Arabic the languages of scholarship; Arabic the language of adjudication; and Turkic the language of the military.[16]. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses. Orhan Veli Kank, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat led the Garip movement; while Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever and Cemal Sreya led the kinci Yeni movement. Hafez also known as Khajeh Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafe-e Shirazi was a 13th century Persian poet. The film provides clues as to [] One favorite is Norooz, a celebration of the Iranian New Year taking place on the Spring Equinox. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. However, in informal relations, the social life of its inhabitants remained unaltered. The Nation's Library of the Presidency, Ankara, Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the recent years. The art of ancient Persia includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture from the early kingdom of Iran in southwest Asia. [13], The Perso-Islamic tradition was a tradition where the Turkic groups played an important role in its military and political success while the culture raised both by and under the influence of Muslims used Persian as its cultural vehicle. If there is in history a proper hybrid culture between the turkish, greek and persian ones, then it's not the Rum culture, but, rather, the post conquest Ottoman one (that is above the timeframe of the game ofc) I hope at least the proper Great Seljuk culture in the 1066 start date is correctly portrayed as a turko/persian hybrid one. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20. making 6 straight Euroleague Final Four appearances combined, along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively. He is responsible for the invention of Nas-Taliq calligraphy style. Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination. [citation needed], The Ghaznavids (9891149) founded an empire which became the most powerful in the east since the Abbasid Caliphs at their peak, and their capital at Ghazni became second only to Baghdad in cultural elegance. The complex ideas around non-Arabs in the Muslim world[11][12] lead to debates and changing attitudes that can be seen in numerous Arabic, Persian and Turkic writings before the Mongol expansion. It can be observed that various regions of the Ottoman Empire contain bits and pieces of the vast Ottoman dishes. After the fall of the Uyghur nomadic state, many Turkic peoples moved to Turkestan, then a predominantly Iranian and Tokharian region, which became increasingly Turkicized. Persians now had a choice, they could accept a new culture, including nationality, language (Arabic) and religion (Islam), or they could hold tight to the unique attributes making up their Persian identities. For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper that kebab contains. The Tanzimat reforms of 18391876 brought changes to the language of Ottoman written literature and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art". History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. [21] To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like Jacques Prvert, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nzm Hikmet, but also highly colloquial language, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. Arabic was of course the language of scripture and law, but Persian was the language of poetry and literature. The Sunni peoples of eastern Mediterranean in Asia Minor, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and Sunnis of Central Asia and India developed somewhat independently. On the contrary: it would only worsen the plight of many of those living in Syria, put Syrian refugees in Turkey in danger, spell the end of Kurdish self-determination . The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the ulama on these dogmatic issues were the madrasas, formal Islamic schools that granted licensure to teach. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. During the Abbasid period the Persian influence upon Arabic literature had grown considerably. First established under Seljuqs, these schools became means of uniting Sunni ulama which legitimized the rule of the Sultans. the ascetic ( zhid) the dervish ( dervi)[citation needed], In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, eyh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpaa School of Medicine, Duyun-u Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, large Post Office buildings such as the Merkez Postane (Central Post Office) in Istanbul's Sirkeci district, and the Harikzedegan Apartments in Laleli are the important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. Berlinale: Berlin Film Festival reaches climax with awards ceremony. There is a cultural tradition of almsgiving (charity), influenced by Islamic principles. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. Of all the reasons to learn a language, study or work abroad, migrate permanently to another country, jobs for language learners, cultural aspects, and learning as a hobby are primary motivators. Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Haim, Yahya Kemal Beyatl and Nzm Hikmet (who introduced the free verse style). Aryan M.Divan [19] Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[20] World and Olympic[21] championship titles. Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, is among the innovative novelists, whose works show the influence of postmodernism and magic realism. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. Berlinale: 54th Berlin International Film Festival. His second significant work was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. [15], The Turco-Persian Islamic culture that emerged under the Persianate Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Kara-Khanids was carried by succeeding dynasties into Western and Southern Asia, in particular, by the Seljuks (1040-1118), and their successor states, who presided over Persia, Syria, and Anatolia until the thirteenth century, and by the Ghaznavids, who in the same period dominated Greater Khorasan and most of present-day Pakistan. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. Safavids erected grand mosques and built elegant gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes) and patronized whole academies. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. The culture represents the customs and technologies that a character or county uses. As the Turco-Persian Islamic culture was exported into the wider region of Western and Southern Asia, the transformation became increasingly evident. With the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkish literature became interested in folkloric styles. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to experience the contemporary European customs and life. The social realist movement was led by the short-story writer Sait Faik Abasyank. [16] The Delhi Sultans modeled their life-styles after the Turkic and Persian upper classes, who now predominated in most of Western and Central Asia. However, from the 1930s, architectural styles started to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from Germany and Austria. Tiles are used in two different ways for art. Cursive Nastaliq or Shekasteh Nastaliq noticeably follows the same rules as Nastaliq, with more flexibility. Islam is not a nation, nor is it an ethnic group. In the first years of the Turkish Republic, founded in 1923, Turkish architecture was influenced by Ottoman architecture, in particular during the First National Architectural Movement. Bukhara and Samarkand swelled and formed ethnic and sectarian neighborhoods, most of them surrounded by walls, each with its own markets, caravansaraies, and public squares. The Samanids had their own guard of Turkic Mamluk mercenaries (the ghilman), who were headed by a chamberlain, and a Persian and Arabic speaking bureaucracy, headed by a Persian vizier. [citation needed], The early stages of Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in the Islamic world are marked by cultural, social and political tensions and competition among Turks, Persians, and Arabs, despite the egalitarianism of Islamic doctrine. But the truth is that a Turkish-Syrian deal would have no peace-making effects whatsoever. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. The Middle East (Arabic: , ISO 233: ash-Sharq al-Awsat) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shm and Cyprus), Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), and the Socotra Archipelago (a . The state accepts all citizens as Turks. The vast majority of citizens, however, share a common Turkish culture with some regional, urban-rural, social class, and ethnic variations. 60% of Iran's population is Persian, but they also inhabit other countries such as Afghanistan,. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others: the nightingale ( blbl) the rose ( gl) Anyone who has heard of Persian pride knows they fought to remain as Persians, not Arabs. There are many advantages to acquiring a new language. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. Much like African Americans and Japanese can be Christian, Persians and Arabs can be Muslim. As the three ethnic groups ruled once an empire at their time in. As the author of numerous ghazals expressing love, spirituality, and protest, he and his work continue to be important to Iranians, and many of his poems are used as proverbs or sayings. (1) The types of carpets vary greatly in terms of designs and colours but the three materials used predominantly in handmade carpets are wool, cotton, and silk. Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. This composite culture was the beginning of the Turko-Persian variant of Islamicate culture. Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. Pair their luxurious aesthetic with the impressive history of the rug-making tradition, and these sumptuous textiles become even more tantalizing as they reflect an aspect of Middle Eastern culture that dates back millennia. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. Farid ud-Din Attar was born in Nishapur, in what is today north-east Iran. This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. Traditional examples for Turkish folk literature include stories of Karagz and Hacivat, Kelolan, ncili avu and Nasreddin Hoca, as well as the works of folk poets such as Yunus Emre and Ak Veysel. [citation needed], These generals eventually had effective control over all Samanid affairs. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. His other works are: Diwan, Asrar Nameh, Musibat Nameh, Elahi Nameh, Jawaher Nameh and Sharh ul Ghalb. Browse 17,485 persian culture stock photos and images available, or search for iran or iranian culture to find more great stock photos and pictures. He combined two major scripts of his time Naskh and Taliq and created Nastaliq. Tahirids and Saffarids continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "only proper language for recording anything worthwhile, from poetry to science",[7] but the Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. Also called "Court literature," this form drew from Persian court culture as reflected in the vocabulary of Ottoman Turkish. In India, the Mughal Empire decayed into warring states. Women's volleyball teams such as Eczacba, Vakfbank, and Fenerbahe have been the most successful by far in any team sport, winning numerous European championship titles and medals. Although the Tulip period ended with the Patrona Halil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of Westernization. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey. "Persian Culture" - World's (Oldest & Richest) Cultures! The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 156874, when Sinan was in his prime as an architect. A shared culture spread from Mediterranean to the mouth of Ganges, despite political fragmentation and ethnic diversity.[2]. [4] Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth,[5] paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture. Turkish film director Fatih Akn, who lives in Germany and has dual Turkish-German citizenship, won the Golden Bear Award at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival with the film Head-On. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. yet, the two nations remain clearly distinct, despite similar/comparable dimensions of life. Helping to distinguish between. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. Instrumental in the spread of the Persian language as a common language along the Silk Road between China and Parthia in the second century BCE, that lasted well into the sixteenth century, were many Bukharian Jews who flocked to Bukhara in the Central Asia and as a merchant class played a great role in the operation of the Silk Road. She is one of the most famous female poets of Iran. The style of the building was designed in accordance with the Ottoman-Seljuk architecture, Isbank Tower 1 (19952000) in Levent district of Istanbul. Stylistically, the early prose of the Republic of Turkey was essentially a continuation of the National Literature movement, with Realism and Naturalism predominating. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still-existent ashik ("ak" or "ozan") tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. [2][clarification needed]. It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . The first is the mosaic a design created from gluing bits of different colored tiles together. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. There are approximately 110 million native speakers of Persian around the world making it one of the world's most spoken languages. Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team, AFP: Turkey's Turkoglu named NBA's Most Improved Player, BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dnya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters, Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones, Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative, "Life and Culture in Turkey" (Study in Turkey), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Turkey&oldid=1134022568, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:00. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. Ottoman Turkey grew more like its Arab Muslim neighbors in West Asia; India developed a South Asian style of Indo-Persian[28][29] culture; and Central Asia, which gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little. Most of Irans population speak Indo-Iranian but also some speak Semitic, and Turkic languages. Antkabir designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (194453), Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings (194452) designed by Sedad Hakk Eldem and Emin Onat, The Presidential Complex in Ankara. The language that appeared in the ninth and tenth centuries was a new form of Persian, based on the Middle Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by ample Arabic vocabulary and written in Arabic script. Austin: University of Texas, 105. Austin: University of Texas, 159, Titley, Norah M. 1983. These two dynasties together drew the center of the Islamic world eastward. The Quinary (Five Treasures-Panj Ganj) includes the five Persian books of Nezami: Makhzan al-Asrar, Khosrow o Shirin, Layli o Majnun, Eskandar Nameh and Haft Paykar. Golden dates the first Turkic-Iranian interaction to the mid 4th century, the earliest known periods of the Turkic history. persian warriors in line - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of course to India. The closest related languages are Kurdish and Pashto. The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. The art of miniature painting in Persia flourished from the 13th through the 16th centuries, and continues to this day, with several contemporary artists producing notable Persian miniatures. The people spoke " kaba Trke " or "rough Turkish" which was a language much closer to the roots of the Turkic language. This area north of Siberia, south of the Himalayas, surrounded by the Caspian Sea to the east and west of the mountains Kingan a wide area. Mimar Tahir (also known as Mehmed Tahir Aa) was the important architect of this period. Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. [citation needed], The Kara-Khanid Khanate (9991140) at that time were gaining pre-eminence over the countryside. Naim Sleymanolu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. Ankara Opera House, designed by evki Balmumcu (193334) and renovation by Paul Bonatz (194647). They covered the social and political concepts of their time with the nationalistic perspective. The language had Turkish as a base, but strong influences of both Arabic and Persian. The authors were Orhan Veli Kank (19141950), Melih Cevdet Anday (19152002), and Oktay Rifat (19141988). Persian weaving flourished in the second half of the 15th century during the Safavid Dynasty. And Rumis Masnavi is considered one of the most beautiful Persian literary works, if not of all Islamic writings. The great jurist and theologian al-Ghazali proposed a synthesis of Sufism and sharia that became a basis of a richer Islamic theology. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as yogurt. [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the ehzade Mosque, completed in 1548. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as kekek (kashkak), mant (especially of Kayseri) and gzleme. [citation needed]. Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. His other known works are: Fihi Ma Fihi (In It Whats in It), Seven Sessions and The Letters. Similar to Fascist architecture, the movement aimed to create modern but nationalistic architecture. [25], The Safavids of the fifteenth century were leaders of a Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia. Shared culture spread from Mediterranean to the international art scene the men 's national basketball team finished second in 2001., Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the relations Iran... The social life of its inhabitants remained unaltered and ethnic diversity. [ ]! Of Nas-Taliq calligraphy style Kara-Khanid Khanate ( 9991140 ) at that time were gaining pre-eminence over the countryside grown. 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