Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. ADS Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Test. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. Data collection tools are available from the lead author on request. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). However, rather than just focusing information on the risk itself it is essential to communicate actionable risk, i.e., what actions people need to take with respect to reducing their personal risk (Drabek, 1999, Mileti et al., 2004, Wood et al., 2012). Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). . It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. Test. Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. 0.0 / 5. Population data for this period is available by municipality. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Sometimes beginning with an . On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. That would scare us much more. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). PubMedGoogle Scholar. That would worry us. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Learn. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . 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