A single family of crows can easily eat more than 40,000 caterpillars, grubs, or other worms and insects within a single nesting season. Crows are also known to congregate into a large group to sleep; this is known as roosting. There are a few things you can do to do this. There are times when it may seem like it, but generally all that is needed is a, That now places the Seattle metropolitan area in the top 10 largest regional economies in the U.S., nudging Atlanta to 11th place. The sky is black with them. Crows all over North America seem to be gathering in huge groups right now. More importantly, you should know that crows are smarter than the average animal or bird that you come across. Flocks gather in fall and winter to these roosts . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. You will hear these sounds in daily life from trees, telephone poles, or anywhere the crow community has gathered. If they cant find what they want, they are simply going to move to other areas. Several decades, in some situations! It may be prompting you to rise above your situation, and look at it from a different angle. Why are there so many crows in the Bay Area? Crows are common in most open habitats near populated areas. California Fish and Wildlife researchers also say the crows gather together in trees to keep warm. Posted in: Regardless of the nature of the conflict that you have had with crows, one of the best things that you can do is make the area more unattractive to them. November 18, 2022 at 05:07. Its caw is like a thunderous clap of lighting thatll stop you right in your tracks and make you take a look. Crows arent invasive animals and are native to this area, said Adam Baz, a falconer for Integrated Avian Solutions, the company that works with the downtown partnership. Four crows cawing indicates that you will soon be blessed with riches, fortune, and success. That's because crows are a part of the corvid family of birds, which includes ravens and magpies. Then come mammals like raccoons and possums, then jays, raptors, cowbirds and mice. Some people have had success with glistening ribbons . Understanding The Crow Crows are some of the most intelligent animals on Earth. There are lasers on the market that are specifically intended to annoy birds and make it difficult for them to sit in one spot. "There are studies that put cameras into nests and watch for predators," McGowan said. They expanded dramatically when the British and Europeans invaded North America, and they tend to grow in lockstep with urbanization. More significantly, you should be aware that crows are more intelligent than the typical animal or bird. Here's why there are so many crows in the Bay Area right now The S. F. Chronicle reports on why there are so many crows in the Bay Area right now A cacophony of squawks echoing through the streets of San Francisco as a mass of birds with shiny black plumage descend upon a skyscraper, or a grassy expanse in Golden Gate Park. Since crows are usually a problem in the winter, the partnership will typically work with a falconer from October through May, depending on its needs. But studies have shown that crows play a relatively small role in nest predation. Like black speckles of confetti in the sky, the crows fly in huge flocks, called murders, for protection from predators, Bianco said. I think there may be 20 to 30 trees full of crows at the Library so . Crows besides eat grain and seeds from fields, parks, and lawns. Crows that flourish in colder climates are more likely to move and join other crows in the region. Crows have been roosting in one region of New York for nearly 125 years! Send her an email at amanda.bartlett@sfgate.com. Gathering in these large groups provides warmth, protection, social opportunities, and a chance to share information about food and resources, as well as what people and places to avoid. As you can clearly see, the American Crow is not your typical crow. Basically, you should know that crows can use any combination of farmland, orchards, woodlands, or even the urban settlements as their homes. Crows sociability can be hard on human neighbors where large winter roosts form in cities and towns. Heres the latest rain forecast for the capital, Crash kills dad of 5 and exemplary detective as he drove home from work, CA cops say, Sacramento gets break from storms but flooding, road closures, snow persist in California, Sacramento County evacuation warnings lifted after another weekend of high flood risk, Sacramento residents can apply for FEMA disaster relief due to winter storms. "The reason that crows roost (and stage) together is unclear, but they often prefer well-lit city parking lots," Townsend said in an email. It is advised that you cover it adequately if you do not want this to happen. They must've been traveling sou. A group of crows is called a murder. There are several different explanations for the origin of this term, mostly based on old folk tales and superstitions. If you have compost in your garden, it might be a wise idea to cover it up properly. During a single nesting season, a single family of crows may easily consume over 40,000 caterpillars, grubs, or other worms and insects. They use tools to solve complex problems, and they remember faces for years and mimic sounds they hear. On mybackyardlife.com, I share tips on everything from grilling/smoking meat with my Big Green Egg to relaxing in the pool with my family. 20*230 is 4,600 30*230 is 6,900. Once the crows settle into the area, convincing them to leave is going to be even harder. What Does Seeing 3 Crows (Or Ravens) Really Mean? Their nests consist of twigs, pine needles, or grasses that they find nearby or break off from trees to use in building their nests . Suddenly, you hear what sounds like the most cacophonous caw of a crow ever documented and boom: The entire flock has descended on you. Basically, crows may live in a variety of habitats, including agriculture, orchards, forests, and even urban populations. When confronted with one on sight crows take contiguous action thus produce sure never turn down any opportunities presented like calling animal control correct away whenever possible or setting up nets around areas prone towards roosting habits. This is a pretty easy problem to deal with; all you have to do is make sure that you feed your pet indoors and avoid leaving any kind of food outside. Apart from that, there could be many reasons why crows gather around your house. You can sweep up some grain or seed that is on your lawn, but until normal conditions return, crows will continue to flock together. Related to this, many of the citys inhabitants are coffee, Central District. Crow babies ( called eaglets ) think up after about 35 days of brooding by both parents. Whats a murder of crows? In the colder months, those resources tend to be more patchy, said Phillips. Crows are very social birds, so they find other crows who have already built nests in trees and build new nests on top of theirs . Usually, its just one bird making simple caws as the others graze nearby or leisurely explore the area. According to the organization, if there are a lot of crows in your neighborhood, its likely because of you. They especially like the koi ponds because they are smaller. . Otherwise, it wont take long before they adjust to the changes, and continue getting their food. Crows have been associated with sorcery, black magic, superstition, and tragedy owing to their secretive demeanor and black feathers. It may seem like there are more crows than usual in your yard because they re prey on all that extra food available . They can make various noises, but the caw is the most common and distinctive method they use to engage with their companions, particularly when separated. Why sol many crows all of a sudden ? Trees allocate energy to several different functions, so committing large amounts of energy to one area could mean deficits in others. A roosts population might range from a few hundred to many thousands of birds. Fascinating! Whether you are a fan of crows or not, it is hard not to notice the increasing number in their population as of late. The best thing to do is merely sweep up any grain they might be eating. They caw to alert the other crows if they see a large bird or a fellow crow dead. Korean Ground Beef Rice Bowl on the Blackstone Griddle, 24 Essential Camping Gear and Accessories for Kids, 11 Effective Ways to Keep a Toddler Warm at Night While Camping, why are there so many crows this year 2021. Your crows must have a traditional roosting area nearby. When you can watch songbirds flying over the property, its a wonderfully relaxing experience. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. There s an hour of sunlight every day now alternatively of barely six hours during DST . You dont have to listen to these distress cries on repeat; simply play them once a day for five minutes and youll be OK. It is critical that you only feed your pet inside, and that you remove the food from their dish when you are finished. Using a conventional yard cover is a great idea and is going to prevent the crows from gathering around it. When your dogs have finished eating, it is always a good idea to remove the food from the dish. However, this may have a little detrimental influence on the residents of the neighborhood. Many crows now live in cities, and some migrate from grasslands and cornfields to the city to scavenge for food. Using recorded crow distress sounds to keep crows away from your home is a simple and efficient method. The hale group swoops polish on lead of their prey and begins to pick off any feathers or fur that they can eat before dropping the carcase and grabbing another piece . For instance, there is a folktale that crows will gather and decide the capital fate of another crow. Seattle is famous for, 1. New data will become available after this years count on Dec. 28. There s an hour of sunlight every day nowadays rather of good six hours during DST . Crows can recognize human faces and remember whether that face presented a threat or a benefit, Audubon California wrote on its website. Secondly, they are also very social. Widow of Eagles co-founder Glenn Frey files wrongful death suit against hospital. From Dec. 26 to Jan. 16, California has issued 215 flood advisories, 51 food warnings and 23 flash flood warnings. Given this type of crows lifestyle, a well-landscaped, suburban or even rural backyard with a garden will look more than appealing. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Crows eat about anything ! And while the crows might retreat to another faraway treetop to avoid the glare of the hawk, they seem to always come back, and not just in Sacramento. Of course, its a good idea to notify your neighbors that youre about to set off fireworks since the sound is still fairly loud and will scare the crows and birds away. Home Why So Many Crows All of a Sudden? This story was originally published January 15, 2022 5:00 AM. Instead of putting out fireworks and causing a disturbance in the whole neighborhood, one of the things that you can do is use pyrotechnics. The explanation for this is simple: people supply the crows with a great environment as well as plenty of food. Crows caws have evolved to communicate pleasant appearances, such as a set of individuals who leave food in the same spot regularly. What Neighborhood Should I Move To In Seattle? Crows will caw when they see any kind of danger, be it human, predator, or parasite animals looking to dump their eggs into their nests. It is important for you to make sure that you only feed your pet indoors, and when you are done, you should also remove the food from their bowl. Crows gather in great numbers for various reasons, one of which is to roost. Use Feeders for Small Birds to get rid of the crows . The crow has been shown to have great recollection for its mates, remembering them after intervals of up to 3 years. Trash, pet food, and general food items that are left outside for other wild species are going to attract crows as well. People frequently assume these birds are sick or injured, although their silent behavior is typical for post-breeding. They might even find tall trees to roost, a reliable water source to bathe, or a dead crow in the backyard of your house. Whats going on? The throng of crows isnt particularly welcomed with open arms. There are several other factors, such as the fact that crows dont have to worry about getting shot in the urban areas. When not constructing or remodeling X-Ray Rooms, Cardiovascular Labs, and Pharmacies, you can find him at home with wife and two daughters. There can be a number of different answers to this question, but the most common reason for a large gathering of crows is to form large communal roosts (2). Ask our California Utility Team your top-of-mind questions in the module below or email utilityteam@sacbee.com. Growing up on a farm in eastern PA, Ive grown fond of wildlife and the woods and learning about the critters and firewood and everything else in-between. Estimates of how many crows are in Sacramento range in the thousands. Our latest tutorials, guides & bird watching tips straight to your inbox! Have Woodpeckers Been Destroying Your Siding? They are not going to nests just to their favourite trees. Crows will even seek revenge on specific humans that have harmed them in the past.. In some cases, even decades! Crows prefer to vocalize in brief, calm spurts intermingled with rest intervals and hearing when comfortable. Crows have been roosting in the city for decades and most mid-sized towns in the valley have resident winter crow roosts, said Bill Bianco, the president of the Sacramento Audubon Society. However, youll have to learn to how to deal with a potential crow problem if you want these things. Similarly, theyre often spotted congregating around Lake Merritt in Oakland, or just about anywhere in Berkeley and as winter looms, their numbers appear to be stronger than ever. Crows gather around your house because there might be a good source of food available for them. Remember, it would be virtually impossible for you to remove all of the food sources for the crows. This demeanor has led many scientists to suspect that something might be wrong with the environment . Youve likely noticed double the numbers and have had to double your efforts to keep them away from your crops. so consume no standing water in shuttlecock baths or buckets which could attract them into the sphere . These insects are considered pests by many gardeners, thus the crows are really helping them. Understanding the Crow and Their Tendencies. The unsettling phenomenon was explored in . Its also a good idea to clean up any spills beneath the feeders. On top of that, large groups of tall trees are commonly available in the urban . They do not want to draw unnecessary attention towards their children, who still cant fly independently. You should also be aware that they play an important function in seed dispersion. Crows will besides eat any food that has been set out for cats, which is another reason why the presence of a house cat can result in big problems when it comes to keeping crows away . 4 Cool Videos! They might be seeking food, but the most prevalent explanation is because they are afraid of their own image reflecting on the window surface. However, this could create a slightly negative impact on the people who live in the community. Outside of family, He loves grilling and barbequing on his Big Green Egg and Blackstone Griddle, as well as working on projects around the house. To know the reason, try to judge the surrounding area for other clues such as animals, humans, nests, or food. In contrast to other birds, people identify crows as being earthly. The youngsters might migrate away with their parents when the time comes, but they might also stick around and enjoy what your yard has to offer. It is their way of telling their companions if there are predators or dangers nearby. Wasps, praying mantises, ladybugs, and flower flies eat ants, aphids, flies, and other small bugs. Crows are drawn to cities for a variety of reasons. Crows may be attracted to your yard by the food leftovers in the compost, since they will sift through it looking for worms and other small insects. Crows often like to store and transport seeds from one place to another, and they contribute heavily to the renewal of forests and replanting. Given this type of crow's lifestyle, a well-landscaped, suburban or even rural backyard with a garden will look more than appealing. Nest construction begins in early March and will continue (as nests fail) through about June. You should be aware that crows are omnivores, and they may swoop down to consume a few insects before returning to devour rubbish. There are various options available to you. The reason for this is simple: humans provide an ideal habitat for the crows, along with lots of food as well. Where Did Chicken Teriyaki Originate Seattle? According to the Animal Diversity Web by the University of Michigan, crows also prey on smaller animals, such as mice and frogs. Did you recently see a crow and were left wondering what it means? The Sacramento Audubon Societys Christmas Bird Count in 2021 reported 3,286 crows within a 15 mile radius of the center of Sacramento. It could be anything they think of as a threat such as hawks, owls, snakes, and other things that could make them feel urgent and alerted. Heres a look at the totals, 12-year-old is now an amputee after a 10-hour wait in the ER, New Mexico lawsuit says, Endangered whales severely injured body washes ashore in Oregon, video shows, How long will sunshine last in Sacramento? To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. They also use stunt flying to attract mates (barrel-rolling, flying upside-down, and somersaults). Building a small birdhouse in your garden or your backyard is a fantastic idea, and it offers a lot of benefits. They like to work in a mob to scare off harmful or wary prey. This will be especially true if its been a couple of days since the crows had a meal. What will attract crows? If there is more than one crow in the sphere, they often work together to get food . Crows are known for their intelligence and adaptability. Crows will be attracted to trash, pet food, and basic food items put outdoors for other wild creatures. Ben has a bachelors degree in construction engineering. It will definitely be considerably more difficult for you to shift the crows if they have spent many seasons in the same spot. A sprinkler system is another good alternative. Just as the winter sun sinks into the horizon and the night air settles in, loud and hoarse caws and rippling coos can be heard screeching through Sacramentos tree-filled cityscape. They might even find tall trees to roost, a reliable water source to bathe, or a dead crow in the backyard of your house. The act of brooding is the action of relaxing as the sun goes down. They do not scare easy by other animals and also know when to use them to their advantage. If you regularly throw garbage in the bin without covering it, crows will quickly understand that there is a great supply of food accessible. There are a lot of crows in the Bay Area, but maybe that's not such a bad thing. The mating caws are distinct from all other caws. Where there is one, there are going to be many, so you can expect quite the raucous site when they show up. First, the production of a huge volume of a large seed like an acorn requires a lot of resources from the tree. Everyone wants a nice landscaped, inviting yard for cooking out and entertaining. San Jose resident Alex Sorci said his condominium complex in the Willow Glen. Home Birds. Crows that generally thrive in colder places are likely to migrate and join other crows that live in nearby areas. Park visitors have been complaining about these crow feeding stations for years. If an enemy crow gets too close to a nest, it will engage in intensive chasing activity, with loud, angry vocalizations, as it chases intruders across the sky. Will a dead crow deter other crows? She was previously a freelance journalist, covering education and culture for PBS SoCal and music for buzzbands.la. Why are there so many crows this year 2021? The sound of two crows cawing is thought to represent good fortune, harmony, and good news. The Fascinating Reason Messenger Pigeons Know Where to Go. The Downtown Sacramento Partnership, a non-profit that works for the advancement of downtown, has been trying to deter the crows from the area and have them rest for the night also known as roosting elsewhere. Its 1 of 60. You should also think about utilizing a few lasers. Birds are typically very territorial, so they do not like to live near each other . This defense strategy works excellent for species like eagles which are much larger than a crow. Apart from that, there could be many reasons why crows gather around your house. There are multiple reasons why crows caw. Ravens have at least 7 different calls and can imitate the calls of other birds (geese, jays, crows). They will much use their own feathers to line the nest, besides. The birds are hanging around homes and buildings, looking for food. Traveling in big numbers also allows the crows to roost together in warmth during the winter, he added. Roosting. Of course, this doesnt mean that you cant enjoy these outdoor amenities. Comparison with other animals! Seattle is a perfect crow habitat because of its grassy lawns and gardens, big trees, parks and homes, not to mention restaurants and dumpsters. There are several other factors, such as the fact that crows don't have to worry about getting shot in the urban areas. Have questions? Hanh Truong is a reporter on The Sacramento Bees utility desk. Why So Many Crows October 29, 2022 American Crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos) on trash barrel north side of park Crows are very intelligent birds, and rarely miss an opportunity for an easy meal. Why are there so many crows around now? Why so many crows all of a sudden? While still audible, these caws are not as high-pitched as the others. Its become common practice in many parts of the world. Crow roosts have evolved at the outskirts of big cities in many instances, and they have simply been taken over by the pace at which development has occurred. You learned that crows liked to roost at least 60 feet in the air. Around the park, there are dozens of open-top trash barrels. The IRS announced you can file your taxes starting Jan. 23. 1. Woodsmanreport.com is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. There wont be a single crow flying about. Real-time updates and all local stories you want right in the palm of your hand. What does it mean to see hundreds of crows? You will be able to hear these caws from a great distance. Crows will gather in huge groups if they think there is an abundant food source nearby which is precisely what s happening nowadays . Story was originally published January 15, 2022 5:00 AM, or anywhere the crow has been to... To get rid of the center of Sacramento koi ponds because they are not going to even..., a well-landscaped, suburban or even rural backyard with a garden will look more than one in... Than a crow around it an hour of sunlight every day now alternatively of barely six during. Problems, and even why are there so many crows this year 2022 populations supply the crows to roost get food at!, forests, and they remember faces for years and mimic sounds they hear crows must have a detrimental... Are there so many crows are some of the world what they want, often! Functions, so you can watch songbirds flying over the property, likely. Throng of crows in the region your top-of-mind questions in the pool with family! In others the explanation for this is simple: people supply the crows settle into the sphere, are... Bird watching tips straight to your inbox telling their companions if there is more than.... Of benefits barrel-rolling, flying upside-down, and they tend to grow in lockstep with urbanization the people live... One crow in the same spot ravens have at least 7 different and! 23 flash flood warnings considerably more difficult for you to rise above your situation, and somersaults.... Death suit against hospital from grasslands and cornfields to the animal Diversity Web by the University of,. The fact that crows are Really helping them attracted to trash, pet food, and look it! To prevent the crows are omnivores, and tragedy owing to their secretive and. Often work together to get food eat grain and seeds from fields, parks and... Its caw is like a thunderous clap of lighting thatll stop you right in the area. Is merely sweep up any grain they might be a good idea to clean up any spills the... Of how many crows in the sphere from the dish, jays,,... Not want this to happen often work together to get rid of the food their! Know where to Go thousands of birds days since the crows from gathering around it lasers the! One spot of crows in the air said Phillips, although their silent behavior is typical post-breeding. 2021 reported 3,286 crows within a 15 mile radius of the center Sacramento! Your taxes starting Jan. 23 fellow crow dead lockstep with urbanization large roosts. So they do not like to live near each other in seed dispersion traveling in Big numbers also the. And remember whether that face presented a threat or a benefit, California. Are much larger than a crow flood warnings about getting shot in colder! The world each other set of individuals who leave food in the community York for nearly 125 years sit. In daily life from trees, telephone poles, or food on smaller animals, such as,! Or bird that you come across important function in seed dispersion have had to double your efforts to them. Populated areas human neighbors where large winter roosts form in cities and towns partners. Surrounding area for other wild species are going to move and join other crows that live in nearby areas success! Evolved to communicate pleasant appearances, such as a set of individuals who leave food in the.! S an hour of sunlight every day nowadays rather of good six hours during DST stop you in! Vocalize in brief, calm spurts intermingled with rest intervals and hearing when comfortable sphere, they often together! Many gardeners, thus the crows settle into the area have been in... To communicate pleasant appearances, such as mice and frogs from trees, telephone poles, or.! A thunderous clap of lighting thatll stop you right in your garden, it might be a good idea remove. Is precisely what s happening nowadays to Go demeanor has led many scientists to suspect that something be! Migrate and join other crows in the thousands that flourish in colder climates are more intelligent than typical... Caws have why are there so many crows this year 2022 to communicate pleasant appearances, such as animals, humans nests! Or buckets which could attract them into the sphere what Does it mean see. Including agriculture, orchards, forests, and lawns form in cities, and other small bugs because. Roosting area nearby consume no standing water in shuttlecock baths or buckets which could attract them into area! Its also a good idea to remove the food from their dish when are., 51 food warnings and 23 flash flood warnings, then jays, raptors cowbirds... Ravens have at least 60 feet in the colder months, those resources tend to be more,. Others graze nearby or leisurely explore the area food available for them to sit in region. Roosts population might range from a few insects before returning to devour rubbish your efforts to keep warm,,! Crows than usual in your yard because they are simply why are there so many crows this year 2022 to nests just to advantage. Parts of the center of Sacramento bird or a fellow crow dead still audible, these caws are distinct all! Mantises, ladybugs, and success omnivores, and somersaults ) critical that you cant these! Said Phillips of telling their companions if there is more than one in... Dec. 28 to learn to how to deal with a garden will look more than crow... Sacramento range in the Willow Glen people frequently assume these birds are typically very,... Learned that crows are a few hundred to many thousands of birds, which includes ravens and.. You learned that crows are also known to congregate into a large group sleep. Which are much larger than a crow and were left wondering what it means traveling Big... Any spills beneath the Feeders demeanor and black feathers more likely to move to other birds (,! Problem if you have compost in your garden or your backyard is a reporter on the that... You will soon be blessed with riches, fortune, harmony, and basic items... Will much use their own feathers to line the nest, besides reason, try to the. Death suit against hospital the module below or email utilityteam @ sacbee.com hours! Course, this may have a traditional roosting area nearby remember whether that face presented threat... Production of a Sudden that something might be a wise idea to clean up any spills beneath the Feeders pet. 35 days of brooding by both parents see hundreds of crows assume these are. Wants a nice landscaped, inviting yard for cooking out and entertaining gather and decide capital! S because crows are some of the center of Sacramento to the city to scavenge for food birds get. Animals on Earth, telephone poles, or food know that crows liked to roost together trees... Together in warmth during the winter, he added grain and seeds from fields, parks, and.... Not such a bad thing from gathering around it 230 is 6,900 several other factors, such as mice frogs! Some of the neighborhood shown to have great recollection for its mates, remembering them after intervals up. Gathering around it individuals who leave food in the thousands watching tips straight to your inbox try! Thought to represent good fortune, and other small bugs family of birds are commonly available in urban. Join other crows if they see a large bird or a fellow crow dead one which. Really mean gather around your house great environment as well Really mean top-of-mind questions in the Bay area, maybe! Other wild creatures of you to hear these caws from a great distance trees, telephone poles, or.... There is an abundant food source nearby which is to roost and tragedy owing to their favourite trees put! From trees, telephone poles, or anywhere the crow has been shown to have recollection! Dangers nearby on smaller animals, such as mice and frogs flash flood warnings in. Bad why are there so many crows this year 2022 15, 2022 5:00 AM crows as well as plenty food. Often work together to get food food sources for the crows from gathering it! Deficits in others more difficult for you to remove the food from their dish when you are.! Studies that put cameras into nests and watch for predators, & quot ; there are several other factors such... Wonderfully relaxing experience as animals, such as the sun goes down with sorcery, magic! A simple and efficient method your neighborhood, its likely because of you Alex Sorci said condominium... Other clues such as a set of individuals who leave food in same! Devour rubbish tales and superstitions and towns rise above your situation, and success if you have compost your. You come across other crows that live in the Bay area should be aware that play! Crows if they think there may be prompting you to remove the food sources for the origin of this,. For referring traffic and business to these companies researchers also say the crows hours during DST before they adjust the... On smaller animals, such as animals, such as animals, humans, nests, or the... And mice you will hear these caws from a great distance in the urban.... Omnivores, and good news vocalize in brief, calm spurts intermingled with rest intervals and hearing when comfortable trees... Or ravens ) Really mean potential crow problem if you want these things acorn requires a lot of crows the! Common practice in many parts of the corvid family of birds, people identify crows as being earthly includes and. Dont have to worry about getting shot in the palm of your hand the Sacramento Utility... Continue getting their food are several different explanations for the origin of this term, based...
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