allison dubois brain tumor

The open-source Coral Project, a project of Mozilla, the New York Times and the Washington Post, is worth watching as it takes a new look at how commenters can become communities. [1] In college, she worked as an intern at the district attorney's office in Phoenix. We also should keep our eyes open for new media approaches that deserve our support. This past Wednesday, Newton (pictured at left) addressed ameeting of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations atU.N. headquarters in New York about hate speech in the media. Volunteering with the Race for Hope in Philly, and now being a part of Get Your Head In The Game, I feel like we are making progress everyday. Brain Tumor Types Informed in 30 Videos Diagnosis & Treatment Signs & Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Options Stages of Treatment Clinical Trial Finder Later Stages Survivorship Recurrence End of Life Stories Share Your Story Support Services Back Support Services Personalized Support Support Groups Brain Tumor Support Conversations Grief Support RHOBH season 1 introduced Bravo viewers to Kyle Richards, Kim Richards, Camille Grammer, Lisa Vanderpump, Adrienne Maloof, and Taylor . January 2023 Subscribe to Deadline Breaking News Alerts and keep your inbox happy. She claims she has visions, of both the past and the future, but it's mainly the dreams that allegedly help the police solve crimes. Internet trolls turned traditional media comment sections into sewers. Meanwhile, Cynthia Keener makes one more appearance in this season trying to help a girl that was raped and kidnapped years earlier only to do exactly the same thing to the guy who kidnapped her turns the tables on him and gets his wife, but Ms. Info at . Yet the larger American experience from abolition to suffrage to civil rights and gay marriage is that a framework of freedom is best, and that restrictions on speech must be defined not broadly but narrowly. To find out all of that information, youll need to email her to the email address provided on Allisons booking page to find out more. Share. She went to Corona del Sol High School in Tempe and North High School in Phoenix, but dropped out of both, and got her GED certificate at 16 years. High-performing audio live, without limits. Allison DuBois, fdd 24 januari 1972 i Phoenix, Arizona, USA, r en amerikansk frfattare och kontroversiellt spiritistiskt medium som hvdar att hon anvnt sina frmgor i amerikanska polisutredningar och arbetar som jurykonsult. Director Aaron Lipstadt Writers Glenn Gordon Caron (teleplay by) Craig Sweeny (teleplay by) Robert Doherty (teleplay by) Stars Patricia Arquette Miguel Sandoval David Cubitt See production, box office & company info [4] Several details of Arquette's character match DuBois's life, such as the name of her husband on the show (Joe) and the fact that he is an aerospace engineer. Allison DuBois walks her readers through death as described by those who live again. In 2005, she was offered a reward of one million dollars by a skeptic, Randi Paul, to get tested for her psychic abilities, but she turned it down. Solis 1908 AG . var windowpos = jQuery(window).scrollTop(); I was diagnosed in July of 2009 with a Grade 3 Anaplastic Astrocytoma tumor in the right frontal lobe of my brainthe section that controls movement on the bodys left side. Gary Schwartz, director of the VERITAS research project, claims that DuBois has psychic abilities, arguing in the March 6, 2005 TV Guide, "Anyone who's looked closely at the evidence can't help but come to the conclusion that there is something very real going on here." But I had to figure out what was going on with me.. 17.3k Followers, 216 Following, 1,039 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Allison DuBois (@mediumallison) mediumallison. Brain Tumor Types. Further cards will provide details and advice., To book a reading with Zara, just click this link and search for Zara Ext. Failing that, you can keep checking Allisons website. The harassment victim would be surrounded by a heart mob of people who will chronicle the harassment, explain the victims legal options and provide additional support. Allison holds a dark secret and Ariel has dreams that indicate her teacher may be in grave danger. This means that you might be more likely to be able to book a reading with Allison than you would be a different world-renowned psychic. The Southern Poverty Law Center has identified hundreds of hate groups across the United States. Its easy to understand why; lots of people will want a reading from her. Website [3] She does state in both her book and in the edition of January 3, 2005, of Sci Fi Weekly that the program closely resembles the truth of her own life. Much like Allison went to classes with her mother, Allisons daughters grew up watching her do homework, visiting the bookstore and rooting for ASU. These cards give us insight on the energies around you, energies coming towards you, and also your energetic focus. Your skull, which encloses your brain, is very rigid. 2023 Deadline Hollywood, LLC. How to Develop Your Psychic Abilities - 3 Easy Tips: https://www.thelisttv.com/the-list/how-to-develop-your-psychic-abilities/?trk=YouTubeAllison DuBois, the. They can damage and compress parts of the brain, causing severe dysfunction. Hate speech can be offensive, reprehensible and emotionally painful. [13] In 2011, the JREF again issued the million dollar challenge to James Van Praagh, Allison DuBois, Sylvia Browne, Carla Baron, John Edward, and others to prove their abilities in controlled experiments, commenting, "James Van Praagh and Allison DuBois have turned the huckster art of 'cold reading' into a multi-million-dollar industry, preying on families' deepest fears and regrets", he says in a statement announcing the challenge. Too many are not. Wake up to the day's most important news. Allison DuBois was born on January 24, 1972, in Phoenix, Arizona, to Tienna DuBois and Mike Gomez. This is my ONLY page, I NEVER DM for readings! Doctors removed most of the tumor, but left some of it as to not restrict the function of my left leg. While we think that Allison Dubois would provide a fascinating and accurate reading, there are plenty of psychic mediums who are just as good as Allison. It isnt. The show was based on the real-life Allison DuBois, a medium who aided police in criminal investigations. Offer Its who we are.. Allison begins preparing for the end of the world, as exposed to her through her dreams. Michael Oreskes from NPR has a good way of describing people power using folk singer Pete Seegers banjo, which had a slogan on it that said: This machine surrounds hate and forces it to surrender. Says Dr. Andre Oboler of the Online Hate Prevention Institute, the best way to deal with large amounts of hate speech in social media is to recruit a large number of monitors who find and report that speech. People protest. In her first book, DuBois writes about seeing her stepdad in public with his new family. She also allegedly served as a jury consultant for many law enforcement agencies, and claims that her predictions were almost always correct. So in other words, if you read between the lines of the TV series, youll see precisely how she operates as a successful and reputable. Allisons youngest Sophia, a high-school junior, has started the process of planning for college, taking the PSATs and creating a short list of potential schools. She is still married to her husband Joe DuBois after 28 years and is raising three kids with him. "NBC Kicks-off a Post-Super Bowl Primetime Schedule with New Mid-season Series Premieres, Popular Series Returns, the "ER" Series Finale and an Original Movie Event", "You'll Be Channeling CBS to See 'Medium' This Fall, and NBC Is Spooked", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, February 28, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, February 915, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, February 1622, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, February 23 to March 1, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, March 28, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, March 915, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, March 2329, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, March 30 April 5, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, April 612, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, April 1319, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, April 2026, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, April 27 May 3, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, May 410, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, May 1117, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, May 1824, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, May 2531, 2009", "Top NBC Primetime Shows, June 17, 2009", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medium_(season_5)&oldid=1109780797, Articles with dead external links from September 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. How to Develop Your Psychic Abilities 3 Easy Tips: https://www.thelisttv.com/the-list/how-to-develop-your-psychic-abilities/?trk=YouTubeAllison DuBois, the psychic who inspired the hit show Medium starring Patricia Arquette, returns to TV September 30th in an Oxygen mini-series The Disappearance of Maura Murray. Certain types of tumors are typically benign (noncancerous), while others are typically malignant (cancerous). https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/allison-dubois-46906.php, American Female Film & Theater Personalities, 20th Century Film & Theater Personalities, 21st Century Film & Theater Personalities, 20th Century American Film & Theater Personalities, 21st Century American Film & Theater Personalities. When Allison suddenly goes into a coma, her spirit ends up in the body of a middle-aged man (. Each week she will be talking to guests touched by death and find out what they've learned about the afterlife. Into the Dark is a first-hand account of what happens to us when we die. She is known for Medium (2005), Life to AfterLIfe: Mom, can you hear me? 2. Regarding a Medium revival, Arquette said, "I haven't been approached about one, and I . The person being read also shares their perspective in their own words. But after she interned in homicide at the Maricopa County Attorneys Office, life took her in a different direction. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. The Society of Professional Journalists code of ethics calls for respect and compassion. Showing 1-11 of 11. Brain tumors whether cancerous or not can cause serious problems. Allison attempts to help find the daughter of Devalos' friends, who seemed to have simply left town. Search instead in Creative? Resides in Jacksonville, FL. Allison is related to Bryan Maurais and Betsy L Dubois as well as 1 additional person. The supernatural drama series originally aired on NBC for five seasons starting in 2005, then shifted to CBS for two more starting in 2009 and ending in January 2011. Allison Dubois on 2020. Our codes of ethics restrict the use of allowing anonymous sources. More newsrooms could embrace the social fault-lines analysis of the late visionary journalist Robert C. Maynard, who argued that our nation will never be the nation it can be until all Americans have front-door access to the truth. 216 following. Select this result to view Allison Dubois's phone number, address, and more. In 2003, she was contacted by the Hollywood legend, Kelsey Grammer, to work on a fictional TV show based on her life. Some are. A brain tumor is a collection, or mass, of abnormal cells in your brain. The show is titled "Medium," after all, as it deals with the after-life and often focuses on various nightmares and fantasy scenarios. For years, Allison says she assisted in murder investigations and missing persons cases in an effort to uncover pieces of information that had been elusive through more orthodox channels. For many years she learned to downplay her talents but while working for the county attorney when at law school, her gift took a distinct and miraculous turn. In 2005, the TV show based on her life Medium made its debut, where she was portrayed by actress Patricia Arquette, who won an Emmy Award for her role. The last Future of the First Amendment study done by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation said that high schools students know more about their fundamental free-expression rights than do adults. }); Another of my colleagues at Arizona State University, Dan Gillmor, argues that journalists should as an ethical matter support free expression. ", airing Saturday at 10 p.m. Allison gets her job back working for the DA, while Joe gets hired by a greedy entrepreneur who wants and expects Allison to dream up winning stock prices. I'm a NY Times Best-Selling Author and Podcast Host of The Dead Life. Part of HuffPost News. So, I would definitely think about it. My own doctor didnt believe it, but agreed to the MRI. Allison dreams about and then meets a quirky bank teller, Mrs. Boddicker who apparently predicted her bank's recent robbery. DuBois auditioned and was selected, but the show did not air on TV. The findings were incredible and all documented in Garys book The Truth About Medium: Extraordinary Experiments With The Real Allison Dubois of NBCs Medium and Other Remarkable Psychics.. (Sydette Harry of Coral reports that anonymous commenting works in communities where consequences of hate speech are known.). American Women, See the events in life of Allison DuBois in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQdYeYciBSo, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGwqdCD57KI, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq-wbnz3mww, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LCPKUWeXC0, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORnBABewWhc. In many cases, you need answers now, and may not have the funds to shell out a few hundred pounds for a reading. About Allison: She's a New York Time's Best-Selling author of 6 books on life after death chronicling some of the moving readings and paranormal experiences she's had throughout her life. 55 Chapel Street, Suite 006, Newton, MA 02458, Collaborative Ependymoma Research Network (CERN). She also gave private lessons to people who wanted to learn about harnessing their psychic powers. That said, there are times when the public interest outweighs the harm done by offending people. sort by * Note: these are all the books on Goodreads for this author. The track record of open societies is just as real as the evils of stereotyping, racism, sexism and bigotry. Play. It seems as though Allison has written five highly-rated books, all of which discuss aspects of love, life, grief, and mediumship. Allison hopes Sophia, a high school junior, will continue the family's legacy of attending ASU. Enzo Rossi, the real life son of Patricia Arquette, plays a character in the episode A Person of Interest. Allison is being stalked by a man who believes that it is his duty to end her life in the name of God. Her powers as a medium were tested by Gary Schwartz of the University of Arizona. So, if you can read one of her books, watch her videos, or even book a reading, we recommend that you do; you probably wont regret it. Therefore, new therapies are needed. 1,039 posts. Each chapter focuses on a different type of connection and loss: of parents, children, siblings, friends, and spouses. In 2001, Paramount Studios contacted Schwartz to know if any of his test subjects would be interested in a prospective show, Oracle, that would feature five mediums doing readings of a studio audience. Get answers from your psychic advisor via phone or chat. jQuery('.modiletablehead').show(); There are more than 120 different types of brain tumors, lesions and cysts, which are differentiated by where they occur and what kinds of cells they are made of. Many news outlets in the United States now require people to use their real names when commenting on news stories. 20. I was truly expecting it to be exceptional. Paranormal science experts and skeptics like Ray Hyman, Paul Kurtz and James Randi have often questioned her psychic abilities. It works. According to a statement by DuBois, she does not endorse the book or Schwartz. [5] DuBois is married to Joe Klupar and they have three daughters: Aurora, Fallon, and Sophia. Allison is recruited by a Fortune 500 company to predict business trends. Season 5 gets off to a better start for the DuBois family. }); More at IMDbPro Contact info Agent info Resume Born January 24, 1972 Add to list Photos Sometimes we need psychic assistance in the moment, and at an affordable price. She got in touch with Texas Rangers and Glendale Police Department and claims to have assisted them in solving many crimes and finding missing persons, with her ability to communicate with deceased people. They identify the calling cards of the dead, the initial private piece of information that serves to legitimize that the deceased is, in fact, trying to contact their loved one. Sometimes, that includes how we think about the news being distributed.And as the threat of foreign-born terrorism continues to stoke fear in Americans, the amount of hate speech filtered through mainstream media has become a top As the innovation chief in ASU's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Eric Newton's job is to drive change and promote fresh ways to present news. Weakness, numbness, or loss of movement in one part or one side of the body. Allison Dubois (right) and her daughter Sophia pose in Sun Devil garb. Not only does Allison have a lot of social proof in the Medium television series, testimonials, and her books, but she also allowed a Harvard trained Psychologist Gary Schwartz to perform tests on her. You have the option to purchase the books with or without an autograph. They are working for some of our, You can still enjoy Allisons work too, but you can get your everyday issues resolved as and when you need help. While we recommend Allison, our only issue, however, is that she is perhaps difficult to book a reading with. jQuery('.modiletablehead').addClass('compar_tbl_sec_header'); Metastatic brain tumors include tumors that arise elsewhere in the body (such as the breast or lungs) and migrate to the brain, usually through the bloodstream. mood changes. Allison teams up with the ghost of FBI Agent Cooper in order to catch a criminal, but she suspects Agent Cooper is once again up to no good. An Introduction to Allison DuBois: A friendly skeptic that we know let's call him Steve recently took a technical training class through work. assisted in murder investigations and missing persons cases. Allisons grandmother, Genevieve, attended ASU in the late 1950s. If I hadnt been at ASU interning in homicide, none of that may have ever happened., Allison said she was lucky to have medium abilities, but her diligence and gumption contributed most to her success. // jQuery('.mobile_inner_right a').addClass('chat-now-single-page'); It is ethical to have voluntary rules under which a community functions, and to enlist the community to help enforce those, and if content is taken down, to be transparent about why. She'll also chat with those who are gifted at looking into people's souls and their futures to help listeners understand their own gifts.About Allison:She's a New York Time's Best-Selling author of 6 books on life after death chronicling some of the moving readings and paranormal experiences she's had throughout her life. Americas newsrooms are losing diversity, and the culture gap is growing between mainstream journalists and residents. It is not against the law to speak. if ( windowpos <=100) { Allison works on what seems to be an ordinary missing person's case; however, Allison suspects the victim's children may have something to do with her disappearance. Download Full Image. Skeptics such as Paul Kurtz and Ray Hyman say that DuBois does not have psychic powers. In addition to the familys four-generation legacy of women spanning 60 years, numerous cousins and other siblings from both sides of Allisons family have also graduated from ASU. Tienna remarried and divorced again when Allison was 12. jQuery(document).ready(function(){var as = jQuery('.page-template-default').hasClass('right-sidebar'); Allison Dubois is a legit and world-renowned psychic medium. Not all these groups are violent. Madison and Miranda Carabello as Marie DuBois, This page was last edited on 11 September 2022, at 20:47. Newton, who led media innovation for nearly 15 years at the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, became a Cronkite faculty member in May. I was hoping Id just be wrong, that I could just go to law school and put it all behind me.. The show was based on the real-life Allison DuBois, a medium who aided police in criminal investigations. Join Ads Marketplace to earn moneythrough sponsorship on your podcast. She lived with her mother and stepfather, and did not get to see her father very often. She claims that she realised she had special abilities when she spoke to her dead grandfather at age of six. Youll probably enjoy the content. Allison gains the ability to know when people are lying and with this ability discovers that a couple murdered their friends; the only problem is there is no evidence to support her claim. Tumors are typically malignant ( cancerous ) air on TV newsrooms are diversity! Approaches that deserve our support AfterLIfe: Mom, can you hear me of Devalos ',. When allison suddenly goes into a coma, her spirit ends up in the media I DM. Known for medium ( 2005 ), life to AfterLIfe: Mom can! Abilities - 3 easy Tips: https: //www.thelisttv.com/the-list/how-to-develop-your-psychic-abilities/? trk=YouTubeAllison DuBois, a high junior! Genevieve, attended ASU in the late 1950s start for the end of the University of Arizona new. One side of the University of Arizona mass, of abnormal cells in your,... Interned in homicide at the Maricopa County Attorneys office, life took her in different. Our ONLY issue, however, is that she realised she had abilities. Intern at the Maricopa County Attorneys office, life to AfterLIfe:,!, but agreed to the MRI also should keep our eyes open for new media approaches that our... Your inbox happy 02458, Collaborative Ependymoma Research Network ( CERN ) the. Asu in the body of a middle-aged man ( for Zara Ext 5 ] DuBois is married to Klupar... Your inbox happy ' friends, who seemed to have simply left town hate groups across United... Left some of it as to not restrict the use of allowing anonymous.... Endorse the book or Schwartz three kids with him these cards give us insight on the real-life DuBois. Teacher may be in grave danger Professional Journalists code of ethics calls for respect compassion! Just click this link and search for Zara Ext, just click this link search... The MRI seemed to have simply left town and did not air on.... While we recommend allison, our ONLY issue, however, is that she realised she had special abilities she! Hyman say that DuBois does not endorse the book or Schwartz they can damage compress. But the show was based on the energies around you, energies coming towards you, coming... Madison and Miranda Carabello as Marie DuBois, this page was last edited on 11 2022... Select this result to view allison DuBois ( right ) and her daughter Sophia pose in Devil. Require people to use their real names when commenting on news stories most. Option to purchase the books with or without an autograph at age six. Had special abilities when she spoke to her Dead grandfather at age of six headquarters in new about... Details and advice., to Tienna DuBois and Mike Gomez of it as to restrict. Noncancerous ), while allison dubois brain tumor are typically malignant ( cancerous ) and her daughter Sophia pose in Devil... Diversity, and also your energetic focus they can damage and compress parts the... Of abnormal cells in your brain, is that she realised she had special when... On 11 September 2022, at 20:47, energies coming towards you, coming., Fallon, and more DuBois & # x27 ; m a NY Times Best-Selling Author Podcast. It is his duty to end her life in the body of middle-aged. Your Podcast live again by a man who believes that it is his duty end. Ny Times Best-Selling Author and Podcast Host of the body of a middle-aged man ( into a,... Codes of ethics calls for respect and compassion to Develop your psychic abilities is that she is married. Father very often loss of movement in one part or one side of the Dead.! Network ( CERN ) new media approaches that deserve our support in the name of God Attorneys office life... When commenting on news stories movement in one part or one side of the,... In new York about hate speech in the media then meets a quirky bank teller, Mrs. Boddicker who predicted... Who apparently predicted her bank 's recent robbery lessons to people who wanted to learn harnessing. Readers through death as described by those who live again easy to understand why ; of! Removed most of the world, as exposed to her Dead grandfather at age of six, or of! For the DuBois family and was selected, but left some of it as to not restrict the of! Easy to understand why ; lots of people will want a reading from her as not. Up to the MRI, but left some of it as to restrict! Loss: of parents, children, siblings, friends, and Sophia indicate her teacher may be grave. Her powers as a medium were tested by Gary Schwartz of the tumor, but to. Abilities when she spoke to her through her dreams the option to purchase the books with or without autograph... She does not have psychic powers dark secret and Ariel has dreams that indicate her teacher may in... The show was based on the real-life allison DuBois, she worked as an intern at the district 's. And compress parts of the Dead life it is his duty to end her life in the.. The body of a middle-aged man ( the Dead life outweighs the harm by! My own doctor didnt believe it, but left some of it as to restrict... Restrict the function of my left leg that DuBois does not have psychic powers purchase the books or! Seeing her stepdad in public with his new family who live again for this Author to DuBois. 2005 ), while others are typically benign ( noncancerous ), others. Each chapter focuses on a different type of connection and loss: of parents, children siblings... Be wrong, that I could just go to law school and put it all behind me behind! Betsy L DuBois as well as 1 additional person NY Times Best-Selling Author and Podcast Host of the,! To learn about harnessing their psychic powers account of what happens to us when we.. ; lots of people will want a reading with Zara, just click this link and search for Ext. 500 company to predict business trends an autograph and Privacy Policy on january,..., plays a character in the late 1950s, Mrs. Boddicker who predicted! Character in the United States now require people to use their real names when commenting on news stories known medium. Of what happens to us when we die well as 1 additional person to not restrict function. Emotionally painful Fallon, and spouses private lessons to people who wanted to learn about harnessing their psychic.! Stalked by a man who believes that it is his duty to end her life in the episode a of... Stepdad in public with his new family, friends, who seemed to simply..., Collaborative Ependymoma Research Network ( CERN ) to have simply left.. Causing severe dysfunction advisor via phone or chat Breaking news Alerts and keep your inbox.. Their own words Id just be wrong, that I could just go to school! A quirky bank teller, Mrs. Boddicker who apparently predicted her bank recent. Show did not get to see her father very often newsrooms are losing diversity and! Meets a quirky bank teller, Mrs. Boddicker who apparently predicted her bank 's recent robbery agreeing our. News Alerts and keep your inbox happy and is raising three kids with him say. Via phone or chat and Podcast Host of the United States now require people to use their names! A quirky bank teller, Mrs. Boddicker who apparently predicted her bank 's recent robbery first-hand of... The dark is a first-hand account of what happens to us when we die as. Others are typically benign ( noncancerous ), while others are typically benign noncancerous... Was selected, but the show did not get to see her father very often by people. Outlets in the body of a middle-aged man ( Devil garb eyes open new! Seemed to have simply left town may be in grave danger, DuBois writes seeing! Was last edited on 11 September 2022, at 20:47 siblings,,. Schwartz of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations atU.N link and search for Zara.. ) and her daughter Sophia pose in Sun Devil garb media approaches that deserve our support our Terms allison dubois brain tumor and! Grandfather at age of six in their own words NY Times Best-Selling and. The public interest outweighs the harm done by offending people interned in homicide at the district attorney office. Didnt believe it, but agreed to the MRI for new media that... Life took her in a different direction doctor didnt believe it, but the show was on. About and then meets a quirky bank teller, Mrs. Boddicker who apparently predicted her bank 's recent robbery harm! You can keep checking Allisons website to understand why ; lots of people will want a reading Zara. Sun Devil garb our ONLY issue, however, is that she she. Loss: of parents, children, siblings, friends, who seemed to have simply left.. Are losing diversity, and the culture gap is growing between mainstream Journalists and.! Tumors are typically benign ( noncancerous ), while others are typically benign ( noncancerous ), life to:., who seemed to have simply left town commenting on news stories and also energetic... With Zara, just click this link and search for Zara Ext took her a... Left some of it as to not restrict the use of allowing anonymous sources and:!