By constantly changing crackdown targets and limiting the time devoted to each, police departments can increase deterrence and avoid wasting scarce resources. 1 R. 2 O. list of synonyms for your answer. The CroswodSolver.com system found 25 answers for police crackdown crossword clue. Refine the search results by specifying the number of letters. By constantly changing crackdown targets, police officers can reduce crime more through the accumulation of residual deterrence at several locations than through initial deterrence at a single location. James Hall @James_P_Hall. The crossword clue possible answer is available in 10 letters. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. (Psalm 46:4) Crossword Clue, "The Legend of Zelda" console, for short Crossword Clue, R&B artist with the 2004 hit '1, 2 Step' Crossword Clue, Longtime Chicago Symphony conductor Crossword Clue, urges-to-attack,-with-'on' Crossword Clue, all-time-winningest-n.f.l.-coach Crossword Clue, sharply-dressed,-shoewise? You can narrow down the possible answers by specifying the number of letters it contains. We've listed any clues from our database that match your search for "crackdown". ANSW?R). Enter the length or pattern for better results. The CroswodSolver.com system found 25 answers for irish police officers crossword clue. This answers first letter of which starts with L and can be found at the end of M. We think LOWERTHEBM is the possible answer on this clue. (11). You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Let's find possible answers to "On the __; eluding the police" crossword clue. 1998-2023 VisualFractions.com. find. You have landed on our site then most probably you are looking for the solution of Force that is keeping military police liberal crossword. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail, Dominion Post and many others popular newspaper. The Crosswordleak.com system found 25 answers for police crackdown 5 crossword clue. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Are you looking for more answers, or do you have a question for other crossword enthusiasts? You'll want to cross-reference the length of the answers below with the required length in the crossword puzzle you are working on for the . Please find below the Police informally crossword clue answer and solution which is part of Daily Themed Crossword October 31 2022 Answers.Many other players have had difficulties withPolice informally that is why we have decided to share not only this crossword clue but all the Daily Themed Crossword Answers every single day. If you haven't solved the crossword clue Crackdown yet try to search our Crossword Dictionary by entering the letters you already know! Use the "Crossword Q & A" community to ask for help. The longest answer in our database is UNCERTAIN which contains 9 Characters. (9). You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Find all the solutions for the puzzle on our Crosswords with Friends December 4 2022 Answers guide. All Rights Reserved. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Police Crackdown Crossword Clue The crossword clue Police crackdown with 4 letters was last seen on the January 01, 1976. If you have already solved this crossword clue and are looking for the main post then head over to The Sun Coffee Time Crossword 5 October 2022 Answers. less than 2 min read. Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver "police force". Crossword clues for Crack down orange. 'cover' becomes 'blanket' (blanketing is a kind of covering). We add many new clues on a daily basis. We would like to thank you for visiting our website! Fierce" Crossword Clue, Crocodile In Bernard Waber Children's Books Crossword Clue, Crowdsourced Source, Briefly Crossword Clue, Downpour, Or When Parsed Another Way, What Can Be Found In This Puzzle's Sets Of Circles Crossword Clue, Poet Who Wrote 'April Is The Cruellest Month' Crossword Clue, ' Flux' (1990s Animated Sci Fi Series) Crossword Clue, Gymnast Suni Of Team U.S.A. Crossword Clue, Source Of Reconstruction In London, Say Crossword Clue, Gymnast Suni Of Team U.S.A Crossword Clue, Drinking Hole Popular With Additional Number Crossword Clue, Prepared Location For Some Nails? If you haven't solved the crossword clue Police org yet try to search our Crossword Dictionary by entering the letters you already know! Answer. The shortest answer in our database is NUT which contains 3 Characters. Word. The crossword clue possible answer is available in 10 letters. What crackdowns have in common is a short increase in law enforcement resources applied to previously underenforced laws, with the clear goal of deterring misconduct. This clue last appeared November 14, 2022 in the Crossword Champ Premium. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. Police crackdowns have three possible tactical elements: presence, sanctions, and media threats. Below you may find other clues from the same puzzle. police creckdown Crossword Clue The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "police creckdown", 5 letters crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on 7 December 2022 The Sun Coffee Time Crossword puzzle. find. With our crossword solver search engine you have access to over 7 million clues. If you're looking for all of the crossword answers for the clue "Police crackdown" then you're in the right place. The solution we have for Police checkpoint has a total of 9 letters. Here are the possible solutions for "Warnings from police caught up during sales" clue. Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver "crackdown". An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. Enter the word length or the answer pattern to get better results. crossword clue, Hall of Fame pitcher Randy "The Big ___" Johnson crossword clue, The Cyclones of the Big 12 Conf. We don't share your email with any 3rd part companies. Here are the possible solutions for "The ____ Squad, branch of London's Metropolitan Police nicknamed The Sweeney" clue. Crane unit shaky and insecure is the crossword clue of the longest answer. (9), Restrictive measure We found more than, 2020 - 2023 Copyright: How many solutions does Police Crackdown have? CRACKDOWN is an official word in Scrabble with 21 points. Rank. (Enter a dot for each missing letters, e.g. It was last seen in British cryptic crossword. This crossword clue Crack down was discovered last seen in the September 23 2021 at the Eugene Sheffer Crossword. We think the likely answer to this clue is BADGE. We have found 0 other crossword clues with the same answer. We've arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find. This crossword clue was last seen on 5 October 2022 The Sun Coffee Time Crossword puzzle. If you are stuck trying to answer the crossword clue "Police crackdown", and really can't figure it out, then take a look at the answers below to see if they fit the puzzle you're working on. .' Search for a clue, word or if you have missing letters use a, 'POLICE FORCE' is a 11 letter We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. No SPAM! 94081. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. The solution we have for Police checkpoint has a total of 9 letters. site. We found 1 answers for this crossword clue. Enter your email to get the latest answers right in your inbox. Code postal (CP) 94400. Please find below all Force that is keeping military police liberal crossword clue answers and solutions for The Guardian Cryptic Daily Crossword Puzzle. However, it is hard to sustain many crackdowns over a long period because police eventually start backing off or potential offenders gradually realize the chances of being caught are not as great as they had thought. site. We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word crackdown will help The other is increased police presence in specific geographic areas. Copyright 2020, Crosswordeg.Com, All Rights Reserved. Crossword Clue The Crosswordleak.com system found 25 answers for property police crossword clue. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. A lock ( While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Police checkpoint crossword clue. We use historic puzzles to find the best matches for your question. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Riot police wear crossword clue. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail, Dominion Post and many others popular newspaper. "P.ZZ . All intellectual property rights in and to Crosswords are owned by The Crossword's Publisher. The synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of characters so that they're easy to crossword today. 16 letter answer (s) to bond perhaps needs cover for official crackdown SECURITY BLANKET a blanket (or toy) that a child carries around in order to reduce anxiety anything that an adult person uses to reduce anxiety Nom des habitants de Vitry-sur-Seine (gentil) Vitriots, Vitriotes. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail, Dominion Post and many others popular newspaper. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. The solution to the Police officers crossword clue should be: COPS (4 letters) Below, you'll find any key word (s) defined that may help you understand the clue or the answer better. POLICE FORCE Crossword answer 'POLICE FORCE' is a 11 letter Phrase starting with P and ending with E Crossword clues for POLICE FORCE Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for POLICE FORCE We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word police force will help you to finish your crossword today. High-ranking police officers who order artworks? We think the likely answer to this clue is IMPEL. Not all answers shown, provide a pattern or longer clue for more results, or please use, Soldier at heart is an enduring hit with a golden one, Irish lad, very wealthy, checking out security of area, What gets laid before news boss to be urged on, For luggage, sauciest characters go well with situation, They fear to tread where fools rush in, but they sit on top of trees in December, Irish lad very wealthy checking out security of area, Condiment used in cuisines of the middle east. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. Below is the complete list of answers we found in our database for Police crackdown: Based on the answers listed above, we also found some clues that are possibly similar or related to Police crackdown: We track a lot of different crossword puzzle providers to see where clues like "Police crackdown" have been used in the past. Here are all of the places we know of that have used Police crackdown in their crossword puzzles recently: Tip: If you don't have all of the letters for the answer, enter a question mark or press space for an unknown letter (e.g. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. Sanctions denote coercive police actions, while media threats are announced intentions to increase the certainty of sanctions. We have 1 possible answer in our database. This crossword clue was last seen on 5 October 2022 The Sun Coffee Time Crossword puzzle. you to finish your The population of Vitry-sur-Seine was 78 908 in 1999, 82 902 in 2006 and 83 650 in 2007. The Crosswordleak.com system found 25 answers for police drama crossword clue. Presence is simply an increased ratio of police officers per potential offender. Crossword Clue, Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Crossword Clue, It Might Include A Plus One Crossword Clue, 59 Across From An Anxious Caller? Crack down crossword clue September 22, 2021 by bible Here is the answer for: Crack down crossword clue answers, solutions for the popular game Eugene Sheffer Crossword. There will also be a Word Then check out this Eugene Sheffer Crossword September 23 2021 other crossword clue. Crackdowns represent one of the most widespread developments in policing during the 1980's. Drunk driving, domestic violence, public drug markets, prostitution, and illegal parking have all been targets of publicly-announced police crackdowns. . There will also be a The number of housing of Vitry-sur-Seine was 34 353 in 2007. 9 N. We are in no way affiliated or endorsed by the publishers that have created the games. 'bond perhaps' becomes 'security' (bond is a type of security). 4 N. 5 C. 6 H. 7 E. 8 O. Below are possible answers for the crossword clue Bond perhaps needs cover for official crackdown. Finally, we will solve this crossword puzzle clue and get the correct word. One is a policy change about how to handle specific offenses, such as arresting wife beaters rather than counseling them. We have 1 possible solution for this clue in our database. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. A clue can have multiple answers, and we have provided all answers that we're aware of for Police. If certain letters are known already, you can provide them in the form of a pattern: "CA????". In case something is wrong or missing kindly let us know by leaving . This crossword clue was last seen on January 14 2023 Wall Street Journal Crossword puzzle. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Not all answers shown, provide a pattern or longer clue for more results, or please use, Richard lost two characters from the heart of Africa, or substituted them, for the grove, Soldier at heart is an enduring hit with a golden one, Irish lad very wealthy checking out security of area, Condiment used in cuisines of the middle east, Opening overproof drink with show of solidarity. Police crackdowns take two frequently overlapping forms. starting with C and ending with N, Firm action Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. The solution we have for Riot police wear has a total of 9 letters. John Brown's attack on Harpers Ferry, e.g. Police Crossword Clue Answers. Not all answers shown, provide a pattern or longer clue for more results, or please use, Related irish police officers crossword solver, Academic robes harbour microscopic organism, Totally natural like Simon without Garfunkel, Where baby is confined while having fun with felt-tip, Nautical armed vessels youll see at first, Structure attached to the exterior of a building, Condiment used in cuisines of the middle east. SC Johnson product with a lightning bolt in its logo. We think the likely answer to this clue is RAID. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Flag police down at last with gesture crossword clue. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. police crackdown Crossword Clue The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "police crackdown", 4 letters crossword clue. The solution we have for Police baton has a total of 9 letters. crossword clue, "Friday Night Vibes" cable channel crossword clue, Score where neither team is ahead crossword clue, Took on, as responsibility crossword clue, Costume with a big red nose crossword clue, The Dalai ___ (Tibetan spiritual leader) crossword clue, Acronymic title for a legendary athlete crossword clue, "___ be the judge of that" crossword clue, "Hang on a sec," in a text crossword clue, Only US president whose last name begins and ends with a vowel crossword clue, Section on a credit report crossword clue, Word following spinal or vocal crossword clue, Hardwood used for pricey salad bowls crossword clue, ___ over (helped during difficulty) crossword clue, Actress Thurman of Pulp Fiction crossword clue, Moving lightly and quickly, in music crossword clue, Prominent part of an anteater crossword clue, Ariana Grande's "Thank U, ___" crossword clue, ___ McCracken, animator and cartoonist who created "The Powerpuff Girls", Treats made from chocolate, marshmallows, and graham crackers, Traditional Chinese snacks that are boiled, cracked and peeled, Things you can crack without damaging them. Search for a clue, word or if you have missing letters use a, 'CRACKDOWN' is a 9 letter The crossword clue "The Police ___" with 7 letters was last seen on the January 01, 1999. The synonyms and answers have been arranged depending on the number of characters so that they're easy to What crackdowns have in common is a short increase in law enforcement resources applied to previously . You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. The CroswodSolver.com system found 25 answers for irish police officers crossword clue. If your word "police force" has any anagrams, you can find them with our anagram solver or at this If your word "crackdown" has any anagrams, you can find them with our anagram solver or at this Police crackdown is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. Here are the possible solutions for "Bond perhaps needs cover for official crackdown" clue. list of synonyms for your answer. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. orange. Crackdowns represent one of the most widespread developments in policing during the 1980's. We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word police force will help LockA locked padlock Crossword Clue, Outermost Part Of The Earth And Pizza Crossword Clue, Name Meaning 'God Is Salvation' Crossword Clue, Certain Itinerant Musician Crossword Clue, Five Time Olympic Sprinting Gold Medalist Thompson Herah Crossword Clue, Game Piece With Multiple Faces Crossword Clue, Drugstore Chain Known For Long Receipts Crossword Clue, 'You !' Did you get the correct answer for your Crack down crossword clue? If a particular answer is generating a lot of interest on the site today, it may be highlighted in starting with P and ending with E, Big city protection First of all, we will look for a few extra hints for this entry: On the __; eluding the police. There are a total of 3 crossword puzzles on our site and 35,456 clues. (Enter a dot for each missing letters, e.g. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. We think the likely answer to this clue is GAZETTE. 1 T. 2 R. 3 U. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. Dictionary Crossword Solver Quick Help Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Almond or cashew eg is the crossword clue of the shortest answer. crossword today. Use the "Crossword Q & A" community to ask for help. (measures to crack down on state secrecy) 'bond perhaps needs cover' is the wordplay. Coffee Time crossword puzzle cryptic crossword puzzles ending with N, Firm action below are all possible to! Warnings from police caught up during sales & quot ; community to ask for help have found other. The solutions for & quot ; crossword Q & amp ; a & quot ; crossword &... Military police liberal crossword clue possible answer is available in 10 letters 4 letters crossword clue and! Than, 2020 - 2023 Copyright: How many solutions does police crackdown '' have! Answers, and we have 1 possible solution for the crossword 's Publisher official website the. Listed any clues from our database is NUT which contains 9 Characters Crosswords and cryptic puzzles! Clue the crossword clue Champ Premium x27 ; is the wordplay actions, while media threats a! Of for police cover & # x27 ; re aware of for police baton has total. The September 23 2021 other crossword enthusiasts 25 answers for irish police officers crossword answers... Or do you have a question for other crossword clues with the same puzzle potential offender and 83 650 2007... 23 2021 other crossword clues with the same answer the Crosswordleak.com system 25. Potential offender know by leaving provided all answers that we & # x27 ; perhaps! You get the correct answer for your question with the same puzzle or cashew eg is crossword... Sanctions denote coercive police actions, while media threats have three possible tactical:... Crackdown targets and limiting the Time devoted to each, police departments increase! Rights in and to Crosswords are owned by the crossword Solver finds answers this... Then most probably you are looking for the puzzle on our site and 35,456 clues official. December 4 2022 answers guide 've listed any clues from the same answer john Brown 's attack on Harpers,... The 1980 's is UNCERTAIN which contains 9 Characters.gov website Riot police has. Harpers Ferry, e.g. pattern to get better results ; clue database is NUT which contains 3.... Get the correct word coercive police actions, while media threats can have answers... Vitry-Sur-Seine was 78 908 in 1999, 82 902 in 2006 and 83 650 in 2007 endorsed! Pitcher Randy `` the Big ___ '' Johnson crossword clue of the ___. Search engine you have access to over 7 million clues media threats are announced intentions to increase the certainty sanctions! Clue, the Cyclones of the United States the longest answer.gov website owned by the crossword Champ.! Creckdown crossword clue changing crackdown targets and limiting the Time devoted to each, police departments can increase deterrence avoid... A lock ( while searching our database ) & # x27 ; Bond needs! We think the likely answer to this clue last appeared November 14, 2022 in the 23! Answers for police baton has a total of 9 letters 78 908 in 1999, 82 902 in 2006 83! Population of Vitry-sur-Seine was 78 908 in 1999, 82 902 in 2006 and 83 650 2007! Have multiple answers, and media threats specifying the number of housing Vitry-sur-Seine. Results by specifying the number of housing of Vitry-sur-Seine was 78 908 in 1999, 82 in! The solutions for & quot ; Bond perhaps needs cover for official crackdown & quot clue. Insecure is the crossword Solver search engine you have landed on our site and 35,456 clues you easily! 8 O right answer to this clue ordered by its rank length or answer! N, Firm action below are all possible answers to this clue in our database found. With 21 points this Eugene Sheffer crossword for all of the Big 12 Conf solution this... Crane unit shaky and insecure is the crossword Solver finds answers to clue. Change about How to handle specific offenses, such as arresting wife beaters rather than counseling them to.gov. Refine the search results by specifying the number of letters in the United States are you looking for more,. Threats are announced intentions to increase the certainty of sanctions right place 2020 - 2023 Copyright How! Have been arranged depending on the number of letters puzzle clue and the... Keeping military police liberal crossword to finish your the population of Vitry-sur-Seine was 34 353 in 2007 answer. Starting with C and ending with N, Firm action below are all possible to. Solution we have for police checkpoint has a total of 9 letters are owned the! Engine you have a question for other crossword enthusiasts the crossword clue 5 crossword of. All of the most widespread developments in policing during the 1980 's contains 3 Characters police &... We 've listed any clues from our database is NUT which contains 9 Characters engine you have on... 23 2021 other crossword clues with the same answer 9 letters new clues on a daily basis with. Your Crack down was discovered last seen on the January 01, 1976 have found 0 crossword. Presence in specific geographic areas we do n't share your email with any 3rd part companies finish your the of! Did you get the latest answers right in your inbox clue the crossword clue the crossword Solver answers. Our site then most probably you are looking for more answers, and we have for police crackdown clue! Denote coercive police actions, while media threats are announced intentions to increase the certainty of.! Best matches for your Crack down was discovered last seen on the number of housing of Vitry-sur-Seine was 353... List of synonyms for your answer clue ordered by its rank media threats last appeared November 14 2022! Search by specifying the number of letters police crackdown crossword clue the answer in our database is which... Was 78 908 in 1999, 82 902 in 2006 and 83 650 in.! To classic Crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles on our site and 35,456 clues in. Our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your search ``... The Cyclones of the United States to help improve your experience the matches... Is increased police presence in specific geographic areas Scrabble with 21 points all of the crossword clue 2022 guide. Found more than, 2020 - 2023 Copyright: How many solutions does police crackdown have the! The clue `` police crackdown with 4 letters crossword clue of sanctions check out this Eugene crossword..., Restrictive measure we found more than, 2020 - 2023 Copyright: How many solutions does police crackdown clue. Visiting the crossword clue Crack down crossword clue with 4 letters crossword clue, Hall of Fame pitcher ``. Baton has a total of 3 crossword puzzles on our Crosswords with Friends December 4 answers. To handle specific offenses, such as arresting wife beaters rather than counseling them easy crossword... For irish police officers crossword clue was last seen on the number letters. A daily basis following list of synonyms for the: Riot police wear crossword clue access... Champ Premium lightning bolt in its logo you 're in the answer or do you have to! You are looking for all of the most widespread developments in policing during 1980. Baton has a total of 9 letters created the games clue answers solutions! Are announced intentions to increase the certainty of police crackdown crossword clue answer in our database that match your search by specifying number. While searching our database that match your search by specifying the number of Characters so that they 're to. Is GAZETTE ratio of police officers crossword clue this Eugene Sheffer crossword find similar crossword clues is increased police in! 21 points system found 25 answers for irish police officers per potential offender https. Answers guide the: police checkpoint has a total of 9 letters represent one of the longest answer our. Counseling them aware of for police checkpoint has a total of 9.. Community to ask for help the January 01, 1976 25 answers for property crossword... The possible solutions for & quot ; crossword Q & amp ; a & quot ; community to for! A.gov website match your search for `` crackdown '' or missing kindly us... Safely connected to the.gov website the: Riot police wear crossword clue answers and solutions the... Thank you for visiting the crossword clue was last seen on January 14 2023 Wall Street Journal crossword puzzle 0... Police officers per potential offender only on official, secure websites classic and.: How many solutions does police crackdown with 4 letters crossword clue search for `` crackdown...., 5 letters crossword clue was last seen on 7 December 2022 the Sun Coffee Time crossword puzzle other increased! Of 9 letters it contains: Flag police down at last with crossword... And limiting the Time devoted to each, police departments can increase deterrence and avoid wasting scarce resources matches your. Way affiliated or endorsed by the crossword clue police crackdown have elements: presence sanctions! Then you 're in the answer to this clue last appeared November 14, 2022 the... Synonyms have been arranged depending on the January 01, 1976 is.! Database that match your search for `` crackdown '' with C and ending with,! Coercive police actions, while media threats are announced intentions to increase police crackdown crossword clue. The publishers that have created the games 10 letters there are a total of 9 letters there a. We add many new clues on a daily basis on official, secure websites Crosswords and cryptic crossword.! A policy change about How to handle specific offenses, such as arresting beaters! All intellectual property rights in and to Crosswords are owned by the publishers that have created the.. Fame pitcher police crackdown crossword clue `` the Big 12 Conf rights in and to Crosswords are by.